IGC1 - Element 6 Principles of Control (1st Ed) v.1.0

NEBOSH International General Certificate
Copyright RMS Publishing IGC First Edition - IGC1 Element 6 - v.1.0 - Slide 1 860409
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RMS Publishing Limited Victoria House, Lower High Street, Stourbridge DY8 1TA ACT Associates Limited. First Edition September 2007. All rights reserved. No part of this presentation may be stored in a retrieval system, reproduced, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without either the prior written permission of the Publishers. This presentation may not be lent, resold, hired out or otherwise disposed of by way of trade in any form other than that in which it is published, without the prior consent of the Publishers. This presentation may not be reproduced in any form without prior consent of the Publishers other than a single copy thumbnail handout for immediate use by the tutor. Whilst every effort is made to ensure the completeness and accuracy of the information contained herein, RMS/ACT can bear no liability for any omission or error.
Issued to: Strabag Single Licence Licence No: 860409

Unit IGC1 Management of International health and safety

Element 6
Principles of control
Principles of control Learning outcomes

6.1 Describe the general principles of control and a basic hierarchy of risk reduction measures that encompass technical, behavioural and procedural controls Describe what factors should be considered when developing and implementing a safe system of work for general work activities and explain the key elements of a safe system applied to the particular situations of working in confined spaces and lone working
6.2
Principles of control Learning outcomes - continued

6.3 6.4 6.5 Explain the role and function of a permit-to-work system Explain the need for emergency procedures and the arrangements for contacting emergency services Describe the requirements for, and effective provision of, first aid in the workplace
Principles of control Contents of element 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 General principles of controlling hazards and reducing risk Safe systems of work Permit to work systems Emergency procedures First aid
General principles of controlling hazards & reducing risk
General principles of prevention (technical, behavioural and procedural controls) General hierarchy of control
General principles of prevention (technical, behavioural and procedural controls)

In order to control the risks identified by risk assessments Workers and the self-employed need to introduce a risk control strategy of preventive and protective measures To be effective a risk control strategy needs to consider technical, behavioural and procedural controls

Avoiding risks
If risks are avoided completely then they do not have to be either controlled or monitored For example - Not using pesticides or not working at height

Evaluating unavoidable risks
Carry out a suitable and sufficient assessment of risks

Controlling hazards at source
Repairing a hole in the floor is safer than displaying a warning sign The use of local exhaust ventilation to remove a substance at source The design of equipment so that mechanical movement is enclosed

Adapting work to the individual
This emphasises the importance of human factors in modern control methods If the well-being of the person is dealt with, there is less chance of the job causing ill-health Consideration should be given to the design of any equipment All equipment should be clearly labelled Alleviating monotonous work by breaks or task rotation can help the individual to remain alert

Adapting to technical progress
This can lead to improved, safer and healthier working conditions For example: - New non-slip floor surfaces - Less hazardous equipment The use of waste chutes for removal of materials from scaffolds and the use of lower vibration equipment

Replacing the dangerous by the less/non-dangerous
For example, using a battery operated drill rather than a mains (supply voltage) powered tool Providing compressed air at a lower pressure Providing water based chemicals instead of solvent based chemicals

Developing a coherent prevention policy
Taking a holistic stance to the control of risk Involves consideration of the organisation through the establishing of risk / control identification systems Consideration of the job through the use of task analysis and selection of the people Consideration of human factors that affect an individual such as mental and physical requirements

Giving priority to collective protective measures over individual protective measures Provide individual protective measures such as warning people of hazards and provision of personal protective equipment using the safe person strategy A more developed and effective approach is to give priority These two strategies are supported by a third strategy sometimes called the safe system strategy Reliance on only a safe/healthy person strategy is the weakest of controls

Giving priority to collective protective measures over individual protective measures By ensuring a safe/healthy place all people that find themselves in it will gain protection This approach is reflected in the hierarchy used for safeguarding dangerous parts of equipment The most successful organisations use a combination of the three strategies Studies have shown that this is a critical aspect of effective management of health and safety

Providing appropriate training, information and supervision to employees
Information Instruction Training Supervision

Information To improve awareness about health and safety generally in relation to specific hazards, their controls and management performance to bring about these controls

Providing appropriate training, information and supervision to employees Information
Subjects Legislation Company policy statements Accident statistics General hazards and controls Names of appointed first aiders Means of communication Bulletins and news sheets Notice boards, propaganda, films Team briefing Written material for visitors Site signs and labels

Instruction To control workers, contractors and visitors behaviour with regard to general and specific health and safety arrangements

Providing appropriate training, information and supervision to employees Instruction
Subjects Health and safety rules Policy, arrangements and plans Use of PPE Specific hazards Emergency procedures Reporting accidents
Means of communicating Verbal, written and visual material Notice boards Induction and job training Direct issue of document Tool-box talks
Providing appropriate training, information and supervision to employees Training To develop people, their attitudes, perception and motivation with regard to health and safety to ensure acceptable actions. Training should use two-way communication - information / instruction given and understanding checked.

Providing appropriate training, information and supervision to employees Training
Subjects Accident investigation Risk assessments Inspections / audits Instructions Display screen workstation Work equipment Use of PPE Manual handling techniques Emergency procedures

Providing appropriate training, information and supervision to employees Training
Means of communicating On/off the job Internal/external trainers Explanation, demonstration, discussion and practice One-to-one or group Written, oral and visual material

Providing appropriate training, information and supervision to employees Supervision
Provision / reinforcement of performance standards of employees Subjects Activity operations Machinery / equipment use Workplace behaviour Employee attitude
Means of communication Direct verbal interaction Written work instruction Demonstration

Providing appropriate training, information and supervision to employees Competence v supervision
Source: RMS Copyright RMS Publishing IGC First Edition - IGC1 Element 6 - v.1.0 - Slide 30 860409

Categories and features of safety signs
Source: RMS
General hierarchy of control

Avoiding risks Elimination / substitution Reducing / time limiting exposure Isolation / segregation Engineering control Safe systems of work Training and information Personal protective equipment Welfare Monitoring and supervision

Avoiding risks Avoiding risk at source is the best option for controlling risk Everyone is protected and there is no residual risk to manage In order to avoid the risk of falling it is critical to design out the need to work at height
Elimination/substitution Removal of the hazard in total from the working environment Reducing the hazard to an acceptable level by substituting something less hazardous Reducing the strength of the hazardous material Reducing the quantity in use/etc

Reducing/time limiting exposure Reduction of exposure may be achieved by keeping the numbers at risk to a minimum by timing certain work so that other tasks are not taking place nearby Rotating work to minimise the exposure to any one person For example, by reducing the frequency and duration of exposure to radiation, noise or vibration

Isolation/segregation Enclose the hazard so there is a controlled barrier between people and the hazard For example, fitting fixed guards around dangerous parts of a machine, provision of guard rails on scaffolds or barriers round street works

Engineering control Control the numbers at risk by systems of working or by engineering methods For example - Provision of an overload or over run device on a crane or hoist - Control dust / fumes released into the atmosphere by local exhaust ventilation - To limit the noise level emitted by use of sound insulation
Safe systems of work A safe system of work is a formal procedure which results from systematic examination of a task in order to identify all the hazards It defines safe methods of working In some cases the system of work is controlled by the use of structured checklists This is often called a permit to work

Training and information Relevant information and training on risks and on protective and preventive measures Should be limited to what workers need to know to ensure their own health and safety and not put others at risk

Personal protective equipment Requirements: Ensure PPE is suitable Adequate training / instruction Issue, obtain signature and record Monitoring systems Provide suitable storage Routine exchange systems Cleaning / sterilisation Written / verbal instructions

Personal protective equipment Benefits and limitations Eye protection Aprons Life-jackets Adverse weather gear Respirators High visibility clothing Safety harness Gloves Underwater breathing Safety footwear gear Safety helmets

Personal protective equipment
Benefits and limitations Often protection limited, rarely 100% Hair length Spectacles Stubble growth male faces Incorrect fitting / adjustment

Welfare
The provision of adequate welfare facilities is intended to reduce the likelihood of ill health and skin disease Promoting good personal hygiene through the provision of suitable and sufficient toilets, washbasins and changing rooms

Monitoring and supervision
Monitoring of the success or limitations of a selected control in the hierarchy is critical and enables improved control to be put in place The supervisor has a crucial part to play in controlling hazard and risk It is critical to balance the amount and timing of supervision against the work being done Supervision helps to ensure that workers understand the risks associated with their work Necessary safety precautions are carried out
Safe systems of work
Responsibility of the employer to provide safe system of work

Definition of safe system of work (SSW): the integration of P eople, E quipment and M aterials in the correct E nvironment to produce the safest possible conditions in a specific work area

Components of the system (PEME)
People Equipment Materials Environment

People Safe behaviour - sound knowledge Skills (both mental and physical) Risk and control aware Motivation Resistance to pressures Adequately trained Job experience Working in harmony

Equipment Good design and safety specification of plant, machinery and equipment Taking into account the work that it is to do The environment and ergonomic factors, inspection and maintenance requirements

Materials Safe and healthy in both the raw state and as the finished product Appropriate purchasing and quality standards Consideration of use, handling, storage, transport and safe disposal of waste

Components of the system (PEME) Environment Establishing critical elements in the workplace that surround the workforce: - Effective control of heating, lighting and ventilation - Safe levels of noise and vibration - Effective control of dust, fumes, radiation, chemicals and biological hazards - Effective means of access and egress
The role of competent persons in the development of safe systems

It is critical that those involved in the development process gain a perspective on the acceptability of the standards of proposed systems of work It may be necessary to get a perspective from someone that is competent in the technical health and safety issues involved The onus is on the employer to determine the competence of people who may be involved A competent person should have knowledge and skill as well as experience
Importance of involvement in the development of safe systems

Worker involvement in the development of safe systems is essential to ensure their safe behaviour when working to the system The absence of equipment specified or requirements that mean more people to do the task than are available Poor access/egress Discussing proposed systems of work with workers Possible to learn these practicalities and ensure the system of work takes account of them Involvement in this way often ensures that the agreed system of work is followed
Importance and relevance of written procedures

Serves as a clear setting of standards of work Enables monitoring against clear standards of performance Construction industry makes particular use i.e. method statements Higher change of being complied with Job / task analysis essential for preparing written procedures Translates to comprehensive training plans Ensures correct skills and knowledge for work to be carried out safely
The distinction between technical, procedural and behavioural controls

Technical Equipment - design and maintenance Access / egress - aisles and storage Materials (substances and articles) - packaging Environment (temperature, light, dust, noise) - LEV
The distinction between technical, procedural and behavioural controls

Procedural Policy and standards / rules / procedures / permit to work Authorisation and co-ordination / purchasing controls Accident investigation and analysis / emergency preparedness Behavioral Awareness, knowledge, skill, competence Attitude, perception, motivation, communication Supervision Health surveillance Personal protective equipment
Development of a safe system of work

Analysing the task Hazard identification and risk assessment Introducing controls and formulating procedures Instruction and training in the operation of the system Monitoring the system Confined spaces Lone working

Analysing the task The task to be done Where the task is done That which is used The current controls Adequacy of controls Correct use by operators of the controls Behavioural factors operators/supervisors

Hazard identification and risk assessment The identification of hazards and the assessment of risks are key factors arising from the task analysis step of developing safe systems of work A suitable and sufficient risk assessment should be made of all risks to which workers and others who may be affected are exposed Considerations should be given to who does what, when and how
Introducing controls and formulating procedures

Define the safe methods 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Hazards should be eliminated at source Specific responsibilities The need for protective or special equipment Adequate emergency procedures Task rescue methods should be identified System should be checked against three main criteria: - Adequately control hazards associated with the task - Comply with company standards - Comply with relevant legal standards
Introducing controls and formulating procedures

Implementation The process of implementation will involve: Person in charge of work must ensure that elements outlined in the Planning and Organisation stages are clearly understood and implemented If problems arise which necessitate modification to the system, formal approval and documentation should be made Any permanent record of any monitoring must be kept and regularly checked by a member of the management team
Instruction and training in the operation of the system

For certain high risk tasks this will often involve a training course to develop knowledge and understanding This is then followed by practical application either utilising a work simulator or close one to one supervision while on the job Where training requirements have been identified, a record of those affected should be made The required training should be confirmed as successful and recorded
Monitoring the system

All safe systems should be formally monitored and records kept of compliance and effectiveness Direct observation or by discussion at team meetings or safety committee meetings A system of monitoring and feedback should be implemented to ensure it is effective Audits and accidents that occur can provide a valuable insight into whether systems of work are effective
Confined spaces
Work in confined spaces Can the work done without the need for entry Testing of atmosphere Safe access and egress Respiratory protective equipment Emergency arrangements
Confined spaces
Access to a confined space
Source: HSG150, HSE.
Confined spaces
Summary of main points Identify the hazards e.g. flammable substances Prevent the need for entry e.g. clean from outside Develop safety working practice - permit to work Develop emergency procedures including fire safety Providing training
Lone working
In establishments Only one person at work People work separately from others People work outside normal hours Mobile Construction Maintenance Agriculture Social
Lone working
Questions to ask Importance of training Supervision Procedures for monitoring purposes Medical considerations
Permit to work systems
Operation and application

Main elements Permit to work document Requirements of the system Operation
Typical permits and circumstances in which they may be appropriate

Hot work Work on electrical systems Machinery maintenance
Example of a permit to work for entry into confined spaces
Source: HSE Guidance note on permits to work.
Emergency procedures
The importance of developing emergency procedures Arrangements for contacting emergency and rescue services
The importance of developing emergency procedures

Should be in place, or developed, to control likely incidents e.g. fire, spillage, exposure to poisoning and pathogens Fire is a specific risk Assembly points may change Procedures should be in writing and regularly tested Results of such exercises should be recorded For identified high-risk activities, arrangements should be formalised with local Accident and Emergency services (A&E)
Arrangements for contacting emergency and rescue services

Employer should consider the risks May be necessary before work is started to contact the external emergency and rescue services if complex hazardous work is to be carried out Employer must identify and assess the nature of any injury likely to occur and consider the distance to emergency hospital facilities May be necessary to provide a first aid room and train staff in specific emergency techniques
First aid
First-aid requirements
Different work activities Difficult access to treatment Workers working away from employers premises Workers of more than one employer working together Provisions for non-employees Number and size of first-aid boxes required Additional facilities
First aid
Role of first aiders Appointed person
First aid
Role of first aiders Give immediate assistance to casualties Summon an ambulance or other professional help
First aid
Appointed person What to do in an emergency Cardio-pulmonary resuscitation First aid for the unconscious casualty First aid for the wounded or bleeding
First aid
Coverage in relation to shift work and geographical location

Shared facilities and arrangements Additional staff to cover out of hours, shift working or overtime Ensure coverage in place throughout period of work Particular care to high risk work outside of normal working hours If a geographically large area of work all staff may need to be trained
First aid
Coverage in relation to shift work and geographical location

Shared facilities and arrangements Arrangements to identify and inform people of where first aid equipment is and who responsible Possible for agreement between occupier and employer Eliminate need to make separate arrangements Provide cover for each others first aiders Written agreement
Element 6
Unit IGC1 Management of International health and safety



IGC1 - Element 6 Principles of Control (1st Ed) v.1.0

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NEBOSH International General Certificate

Issued to: Strabag Single Licence Licence No: 860409

NEBOSH International General Certificate

Unit IGC1 Management of International health and safety

Principles of control Learning outcomes

Principles of control Learning outcomes - continued

General principles of prevention (technical, behavioural and procedural controls)

General principles of prevention (technical, behavioural and procedural controls)

General principles of prevention (technical, behavioural and procedural controls)

General principles of prevention (technical, behavioural and procedural controls)

General principles of prevention (technical, behavioural and procedural controls)

General principles of prevention (technical, behavioural and procedural controls)

General principles of prevention (technical, behavioural and procedural controls)

General principles of prevention (technical, behavioural and procedural controls)

General principles of prevention (technical, behavioural and procedural controls)

General principles of prevention (technical, behavioural and procedural controls)

General principles of prevention (technical, behavioural and procedural controls)

General principles of prevention (technical, behavioural and procedural controls)

General principles of prevention (technical, behavioural and procedural controls)

General principles of prevention (technical, behavioural and procedural controls)

General principles of prevention (technical, behavioural and procedural controls)

General principles of prevention (technical, behavioural and procedural controls)

General principles of prevention (technical, behavioural and procedural controls)

General principles of prevention (technical, behavioural and procedural controls)

General principles of prevention (technical, behavioural and procedural controls)

Means of communication Direct verbal interaction Written work instruction Demonstration

General principles of prevention (technical, behavioural and procedural controls)

General principles of prevention (technical, behavioural and procedural controls)

General hierarchy of control

General hierarchy of control

General hierarchy of control

General hierarchy of control

General hierarchy of control

General hierarchy of control

General hierarchy of control

General hierarchy of control

General hierarchy of control

General hierarchy of control

General hierarchy of control

General hierarchy of control

General hierarchy of control

Responsibility of the employer to provide safe system of work

Responsibility of the employer to provide safe system of work

Responsibility of the employer to provide safe system of work

Responsibility of the employer to provide safe system of work

Responsibility of the employer to provide safe system of work

Responsibility of the employer to provide safe system of work

The role of competent persons in the development of safe systems

Importance of involvement in the development of safe systems

Importance and relevance of written procedures

The distinction between technical, procedural and behavioural controls

The distinction between technical, procedural and behavioural controls

Development of a safe system of work

Development of a safe system of work

Development of a safe system of work

Introducing controls and formulating procedures

Introducing controls and formulating procedures

Instruction and training in the operation of the system

Monitoring the system

Source: HSG150, HSE.

Operation and application

Typical permits and circumstances in which they may be appropriate

Example of a permit to work for entry into confined spaces