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Amarnath Chitti
Introduction
What is WAP ? Wireless Application Protocol What is its Purpose ? Defines standards for wireless application environment (WAE) Who coordinates the WAP standard meetings? WAP forum(www.wapforum.org) not IETF What part of OSI does WAP standards address? Session, Presentation and Application
Introduction (contd.)
WAP
Applications:
Wireless Web hosting Location Based Services with WAP Push Technology Secure Mobile Connectivity to enterprise networks
Example:
Nokia Activ Server 2.1 Mobile Financial Services with Nokia Activ Server Mobile Reservation systems "CSC8530 Distributed Systems", Summer 2002 3
Introduction (contd..)
WAP Overview Diagram:
Introduction (contd..)
Protocol Diagram at a WAP Gateway:
needs to operate across different Air Interface Technologies. Example: CDMA, IS 95, IS 136 etc. lookups of the servers by the WAP Gateway gateway contacting different Application Servers based on Client Requests.
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DNS
WAP
Supporting Servers
App Server
Server Server
Internet
Wireless Network
App Server
App Server
Secure Network
App Server
of WAP Stack compared Internet Stack WML vs. HTML WSP vs. HTTP WTP vs. TCP WTLS vs. TLS WDP vs. UDP WCMP vs. ICMP
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Wireless Markup Language WML is an XML based markup language. XML and HTML are based on Structured Generalized Markup Language (SGML). To support WML requirements, W3C created XHTML standard. WAP 2.0 uses XHTML. Freeware available for converting HTML pages to XHTML/XML pages.
Example: http://www.vbxml.com/wap/articles/htmlwml/default. asp "CSC8530 Distributed Systems", Summer 2002 11
WSP recodes existing RFC-822 style request and response messages in their own binary tokenization format WSP cannot support IETF's Proposed Standard for distributed authoring over HTTP (WebDAV) WSP does content-negotiation not by Content-Type:, but with explicitly deprecated User-Agent: WAP 2.0 adopts HTTP/1.1 as a session layer protocol. 12
Wireless Transaction Protocol WTP tries to solve a mix of transport- and application-layer problems. WTP optionally offers segmentation and reassembly and selective acks. (WDP ??) WTP offers three application message models:
Class 0: Unreliable invoke message with no result message Class 1: Reliable invoke message with no result message Class 2: Reliable invoke message with one reliable result message
WTP is the heart of an independent WAP Gateway server project, such as APiON's. WTP is the lowest layer the microbrowser absolutely requires WAP 2.0 features TCP/IP for wireless networks supporting Data over IP.
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stack offers security at the packet- and transport-layers with two technologies
Ipsec for unreliable datagram transport (UDP) TLS for reliable transport (TCP)
WTLS
applies TLS to both individual datagrams and socket connections WTLS defines three levels of security capabilities; only Class 1 is mandatory-toimplement.
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Public-key exchange Server Certificates Client Certificates Shared Secret Handshake Compression Encryption MAC Smart Card Interface
Class 2 M M O O O M M O
Class 3 M M M O O M M O
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WTLS specifies use of Certicom's elliptic curve public key encryption (mentioned on page 281 of course text).
Not an IETF standard More details at http://www.certicom.com/resources/ecc_chall/challenge.html
Prone to Attacks
chosen plaintext data recovery attack datagram truncation attack message forgery attack, and key-search shortcut for some exportable keys. For more details visit http://www.cc.jyu.fi/~mjos/wtls.pdf
To accommodate airlink addresses ("MSISDN number [handset serial number], IP address, X.25 address or other identifier") To overcome airlink restrictions on packet size and even character sets. 18
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offered by WDP :
Application addressing by port numbers Segmentation and Re-assembly (optional) Error Detection (optional)
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Obsolete
Included in WAP 1.0 Removed in WAP 1.1
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Competing Technologies
3G
If a mobile can tx/rx data at ~2Mbps, what is the use of WAP Gateway in between ? WAP is trying to survive with its WAP Push technology for location based services.
Mobile
IP and Wireless LAN (802.11b) Lightweight & Efficient Application Protocols (LEAP)
IETF standards, an alternative to WAP Rejected by big players like Nokia, Motorola etc. Seems to be no development is going on in this front. "CSC8530 Distributed Systems", Summer 2002 22
References
Attacks on WTLS: http://www.cc.jyu.fi/~mjos/wtls.pdf Converting HTML to WML: http://www.vbxml.com/wap/articles/htmlwml/default.asp WAP God: http://www.wapforum.com Criticism: http://www.4k-associates.com/4KAssociates/IEEE-L7-WAP-BIG.html Possible Future: http://www.nokia.com/wap/wap.html Brief Tutorial: http://www.w3schools.com/wap/ Criticism: http://www.freeprotocols.org/wapTrap/one/ Tutorial on WML: http://www.iec.org/online/tutorials/wap/index.html 23
Summary
State
WAP Applications WAP for Distributed Environment WAP internals in brief WAP evolution and changes over time Future prospects/demise ?!
Request