The Universe

By Praveen kumar Reddy

Universe is Awesome

 How stars formed ? How do they shine ? Physical and chemical properties of these stars .and many more

First we will understand our Nearest star SUN

sun
It is the nearest star It is very bright and has high temperature

sun
Distance of sun from Earth is nearly 1.5 x 10 ^8 kilometers.

sun
It takes 8 minutes to travel light from the sun to the Earth.

sun
Mass of sun is calculated from Kepler laws Mass of sun is 2 x 10^30 Kg It is 3 x 10^5 times that of Earth

sun
Surface temperature of sun is about 6000 K

sun
The amount of energy radiated per second by the sun in all directions are called solar luminosity. It is represented by 3.9 x 10^26 watt

Solar observatories in india

Udaypur Kodaicanal

sun
Sun rotates from West to East. Sun rotates itself in 26 days

sun
Solar spectrum posses dark lines called Fraunhoffer lines. Study of these lines shows existence of elements like Sodium , calcium in addition to hydrogen in the sun.

Structure of sun

Cross section of sun

The visible disc of sun is called photosphere

Cross section of sun

Layer just above photosphere is called Chromosphere. It extends 10000 km above photospehre It is brighter but less dense than photosphere.

Cross section of sun

Region beyond chromosphere is called Corona. It extends to million of kilometers This region seen as white halo around sun during eclipse.

sun
Matter in this region is in plasma state. And the temperature is of the order of few million degrees.

sun
In photosphere grain like patterns observed called granulations.

sun
We can also observe thread like structures called spicules. Some matter stream out of suns surface in bursts , these are called solar flares.

sun
When image of sun is obtained by telescope , is projected on white screen dark irregular patches observed on sun . They are called sun spots.
Temperature at sun spot is around 4000 K and the temperature of photosphere is around 6000 K

Aurora or polar lights

Charged particles eject from sun , ionize air molecules which results in spectacular color display. These are seen in polar regions.

sun
Sun emits electro magnetic radiation like x- rays , ultraviolet.
But we receive only heat , light , radio waves and small amount of ultraviolet. This is because absorbed by earths atmosphere.

sun
Enormous energy is due to nuclear reactions taking place in interior of sun. Temperature of sun is about 20 million degrees.

Energy released reaches photosphere by radiation and convection.

Stars

Stars
Night sky is sprinkled with an enormous number of stars that appear as bright points.

Stars
Brightness and features of the spectrum can be determined by using telescopes and other instruments.

Stars
Telescopes help in learning about 1. size 2. Mass 3. Temperature 4. Composition 5. Evolution of stars

Stars
Stellar distances are very large , a unit called Parsec. 1 parsec =3.26 light years.

Stars
Some stars are bright , some are dim , some stars look white, while some look blue and while some look like red.

 Brightness of stars are represented by magnitude scale.

How Much Brighter than a Sixth Magnitude Star Logarithmic scale of 2.512 X between magnitude levels Starting at Sixth Magnitude 2.51 x 2.51 x 2.51 x 2.51 x 2.51 2.51 x 2.51 x 2.51 x 2.51 2.51 x 2.51 x 2.51 2.51 x 2.51 2.51 x

Star Magnitude

1 2 3 4 5 6

100 Times 39.8 Times 15.8 Times 6.3 Times 2.51 Times

Stars
Total energy emitted by star in one second is called luminosity. It depends on the temperature and diameter of the star.

Stars
Luminosity of the star can be expressed in terms of the luminosity of the sun. Example luminosity of Sirius is 23.5 times the luminosity of the sun.

Stars
Spectrum of star is like that of sun is a continuous spectrum crossed by dark absorption lines. Analysis of these lines helps to identify the elements present in stellar atmosphere.

Stars
Surface temperatures of stars range from about 2000K for reddish stars to about 50000K for bluish white stars.

Size of stars
Radius of star can be deduced from luminosity and temperature. Majority of stars have radius in the range of one tenth to twenty times the solar radius.

Mass of stars
When two stars of gravitationally bound system and go in circles around their common center of mass. Their individual masses can be obtained by observing their motion.

Such a star system is called binary star.

Mass of stars

Mass of stars
Luminosity of star increases with mass. Stars about fourty times heavier than the sun are roughly million times luminous of the sun.

Stellar interiors
Knowing their size and mass , mean density can be calculated. Density of stars vary from 5 x 10^-4 kg to 10 x 10^-4 kg.

Stellar interiors
Central temperature ranges from 10 to 30 million degrees as we go from the coolest to the hot stars.

They are some strange type of stars

White dwarfs

They are some strange type of stars

Red giants

They are some strange type of stars

White dwarfs

They are some strange type of stars

Black dwarfs

They are some strange type of stars

Neutron stars

They are some strange type of stars

Black holes

They are some strange type of stars

Super nova