IMS DB

Objectives
To create awareness about the IMS DB technology and how it is used to perform data base operations. Target audience :- people who are relatively new to the IMS DB Technology.

Prerequisites
Knowledge of COBOL Basic knowledge of data base management concepts

Course Outline
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. An Introduction to DL/I Data Bases DL/I Programs and Control Blocks COBOL Basics for Processing a DL/I Data Base Segment Search Arguments : How to use them Data retrieval from an IMS Data Base Adding and Updating Data to a Data Base Secondary Indexing Logical Data Bases Recovery and Restart DL/I Data Base Organizations Advanced DL/I features

References
IMS for the COBOL Programmer

Part 1: Data base processing with IMS/VS and DL/I DOS/VS By Steve Eckols
IBM Redbooks : IMS Primer

By Rick Long, Mark Harrington, Robert Hain, Geoff Nicholls

MVS Quick Ref Ver. 5.5

Module 1 An Introduction to DL/I Data Bases

Hierarchical Structures Why a Data Base Management System Basic DL/I Terminology Basic DL/I Data Base Processing

Hierarchical Structures
In a DL/I data base, data elements are organized in a hierarchical structure. Some data elements are dependent on others.

Fig 1.1 A hierarchical structure

DL/I supports hierarchies that are difficult to implement with standard files.

Why a data base management system?

01 VENDOR-RECORD. 05 VR-VENDOR-CODE PIC X(3). 05 VR-VENDOR-NAME PIC X(30). 05 VR-VENDOR-ADDRESS PIC X(30). 05 VR-VENDOR-CITY PIC X(17). 05 VR-VENDOR-STATE PIC XX. 05 VR-VENDOR-ZIP-CODE PIC X(9). 05 VR-VENDOR-TELEPHONE PIC X(10). 05 VR-VENDOR-CONTACT PIC X(30). Fig 1.2.a Record layout for the VENDORS data set 01 INVENTORY-RECORD. 05 IR-ITEM-KEY. 10 IR-VENDOR-CODE PIC X(3). 10 IR-NUMBER PIC X(5). 05 IR-DESCRIPTION PIC X(35). 05 IR-UNIT-PRICE PIC S9(5)V99 COMP-3. 05 IR-AVG-UNIT-COST PIC S9(5)V99 COMP-3. 05 IR-LOCATION-QUANTITY-DATA OCCURS 20 TIMES. 10 IR-LOCATION PIC X(3). 10 IR-QUANTITY-ON-HAND PIC S9(7) COMP-3. 10 IR-REORDER-POINT PIC S9(7) COMP-3. 10 IR-QUANTITY-ON-ORDER PIC S9(7) COMP-3. 10 IR-LAST-REORDER-DATE PIC X(6). Fig 1.2.b Record layout for the Inventory Master data set Fig 1.2 Record layouts that illustrate a hierarchical structure

Basic DL/I Terminology

Segment

A grouping of data The unit of data that DL/I transfers to and from your program in an I/O operation. Consists of one or more fields

Fig 1.3 The ADDRESS segment with six fields ADDRESS

Segment Type

A category of data There can be a maximum of 255 segment types and 15 levels in one data base

House Number

Street Name

City

State

Country

Zip Code

Segment Occurrence
One specific segment of a particular type containing user data
Note: Within a data base there is only one of each segment type- its part of the data bases definitionbut there can be an unlimited number of occurrences of each segment type. The word segment is used to mean either segment type or segment occurrence and usually the meaning is clear from the context

Basic DL/I Terminology (contd.)

* 01 INVENTORY-VENDOR-SEGMENT. 05 IVS-VENDOR-CODE PIC X(3). 05 IVS-VENDOR-NAME PIC X(30). 05 IVS-VENDOR-ADDRESS PIC X(30). 05 IVS-VENDOR-CITY PIC X (17). 05 IVS-VENDOR-STATE PIC XX. 05 IVS-VENDOR-ZIP-CODE PIC X(9). 05 IVS-VENDOR-TELEPHONE PIC X(10). * 01 INVENTORY-ITEM-SEGMENT. 05 IIS-NUMBER PIC X(5). 05 IIS-DESCRIPTION PIC X(35). 05 IIS-UNIT-PRICE PIC S9(5)V99 COMP-3. 05 IIS-AVG-UNIT-COST PIC S9(5)V99 COMP-3. * 01 INVENTORY-STOCK-LOC-SEGMENT. 05 ISLS-LOCATION PIC X(3). 05 ISLS-QUANTITY-ON-HAND PIC S9(7) COMP-3. 05 ISLS-REORDER-POINT PIC S9(7) COMP-3. 05 ISLS-QUANTITY-ON-ORDER PIC S9(7) COMP-3. *

Vendor

Fig 1.5 Segment layouts for the Inventory data base

Item

Stock Location Fig 1.4 The hierarchical structure of the Inventory data base with three segment types

Basic DL/I Terminology (contd.)

Root Segment

The segment type at the top of a hierarchy

Data base record

Data base Record 1

Each occurrence of the root segment plus all the segment occurrences that are subordinate to it make up one data base record. Every data base Vendor 2 Vendor 1 record has one and only one root segment, Item 1 subordinate Item 2 although it may have any number of Data base Record 2 Item 1 segment occurrences Loc 2 Loc 2
Loc 1 Loc 1 Fig 1.6 Two Loc 5 data base records from the Inventory data base Loc 4 Loc 3 Loc 2 Loc 1

Basic DL/I Terminology (contd.)

Dependent Segment

A segment other than the root segment in a data base record Accessible only through one or more parent segments
Parent Segment

A segment that has one or more dependent segments

Child Segment

Every dependent segment in a hierarchy

Twin Segment

Two or more segment occurrences of the same

Basic DL/I Terminology (contd.)

Key or Sequence Field

The field DLI uses to maintain segments in ascending sequence Only a single field within a segment Segments need not necessarily require a key field If in a root segment, key field uniquely identifies the record
Additional Search fields

Used to search through the DB for particular values

Logical data bases

Additional relationships within one physical data base

Basic DL/I Terminology (contd.)

Customer

Ship-to

Vendor Item

Buyer

Receivable

Stock Location
Fig 1.7 A logical relationship can connect two data bases

Payment

Adjustment

Line Item

In Fig 1.7, the line item segment is the logical child segment (or just logical child) of the item segment. Likewise, the item segment is the logical parent segment (or just logical parent) of the line item segment

Sequential Processing

Basic DL/I Data Base Processing

At any point, a program has a position in the data base. Position reflects not only on retrieved segments, but on new segments inserted as well
Vendor 1 Vendor 2 Item 1 Data base Record 2

Top > Down, Left -> Right Position

Item 2 Item 1 Loc 2 Data base Record 1 Loc 5 Loc 4 Loc 3 Loc 2 Loc 1 Fig 1.8 Sequential processing Loc 1

Loc 2 Loc 1

Basic DL/I Data Base Processing Random (Direct) Processing (contd.) Key (sequence) field required
Concatenated Key
Completely identifies the path from the root segment to the segment you want to retrieve.
Vendor 1 Vendor 2

Item 2 Item 1 Loc 2 Loc 1 Loc 5 Loc 4 Loc 3 Loc 2 Loc 1

Concatenated Key: Vendor 2 Item 1 Location 1

Item 1 Data base Record 2

Data base Record 1

Loc 2 Loc 1

Fig 1.9 Random Processing

Module 2 DL/I Programs and Control Blocks

The IMS Software Environment How DL/I relates to your application programs Control Blocks DBDGEN PSBGEN IMS Processing Options ACB & ACBGEN Running an application program under DL/I

The IMS Software Environment

Application Programs
IMS Control Blocks DL/I OS IMS DC Remote Terminal

Data Base

Fig 2.1 The IMS Software Environment

How DL/I relates to your application programs

Standard File Processing

DL/I Data Base Processing

Application Program

Application Program

DL/I

Operating System Access Method

Operating System Access Method (eg. VSAM)

(eg. VSAM)

File Data Set

Fig 2.2 Standard file processing compared to DL/I data base processing

Data Base Data Set

How DL/I relates to your application programs (contd.)

Standard file processing

Standard COBOL statements (like READ / WRITE) invoke the appropriate access method (like VSAM) Format of the record as processed by the program should be the same as the format of the record in the file
DL/I data base processing

DLI - Interface between application program and the access method CALL statement to invoke DL/I Parameters passed by the CALL tell DL/I what operation to perform DL/I invokes a standard access method- usually VSAM- to store data base data on disk Format of records in a data base data set need not match the layouts of the segments that make up the data base The way the program sees the data base is different from the way the access method sees it.

Physical structure of a DL/I data base isnt specified in an application program DL/I uses a set of control blocks(DBDs and PSBs) to define a data bases structure Data Base Descriptor (DBD)

Control Blocks

Describes the complete structure of a data base A unique DBD for each DL/I data base
Program Specification Block (PSB)

Application programs view of the Database PSB Specifies

Data bases (one or more) a program can access, Data elements a program can see in those data bases The processing a program can do with the data elements

Application programs that have similar data base processing requirements can share a PSB
Data Base Administrator (DBA) has to create DL/I control blocks DBDGEN and PSBGEN Control Statements

STMT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 162 211 325 326

SOURCE STATEMENT PRINT NOGEN DBD NAME=INDBD,ACCESS=HIDAM DATASET DD1=IN,DEVICE=3380 **/ 3380 DISK STORAGE * SEGM NAME=INVENSEG, PARENT=0,POINTER=TB,BYTES=131 LCHILD NAME=(INPXPNTR,INPXDBD),POINTER=INDX FIELD NAME=(INVENCOD,SEQ),BYTES=3,START=1,TYPE=C FIELD NAME=INVENNAM,BYTES=30,START=4,TYPE=C FIELD NAME=INVENADR,BYTES=30,START=34,TYPE=C FIELD NAME=INVENCIT,BYTES=17,START=64,TYPE=C FIELD NAME=INVENSTA,BYTES=2,START=81,TYPE=C FIELD NAME=INVENZIP,BYTES=9,START=83,TYPE=C FIELD NAME=INVENTEL,BYTES=10,START=92,TYPE=C FIELD NAME=INVENCON,BYTES=30,START=102,TYPE=C * SEGM NAME=INITMSEG,PARENT=INVENSEG,BYTES=48 FIELD NAME=(INITMNUM,SEQ),BYTES=5,START=1,TYPE=C FIELD NAME=INITMDES,BYTES=35,START=6,TYPE=C FIELD NAME=INITMPRC,BYTES=4,START=41,TYPE=P FIELD NAME=INITMCST,BYTES=4,START=45,TYPE=P * SEGM NAME=INLOCSEG, PARENT=INITMSEG,BYTES=21 FIELD NAME=(INLOCLOC,SEQ),BYTES=3,START=1,TYPE=C FIELD NAME=INLOCONH,BYTES=4,START=4,TYPE=P FIELD NAME=INLOCROP,BYTES=4,START=8,TYPE=P FIELD NAME=INLOCONO,BYTES=4,START=12,TYPE=P FIELD NAME=INLOCDAT,BYTES=6,START=16,TYPE=C * DBDGEN **/************************************************************************** **/ RECOMMENDED VSAM DEFINE CLUSTER PARAMETERS **/************************************************************************** **/* *NOTE2 **/* DEFINE CLUSTER (NAME(IN) NONINDEXED **/* RECORDSIZE (2041,2041) **/* COUNTERINTERVALSIZE (2048)) **/* *NOTE2 - SHOULD SPECIFY DSNNAME FOR DD IN **/************************************************************************** **/***********SEQUENCE FIELD************* **/***********SEQUENCE FIELD************* FINISH END Fig 2.3 Assembler source listing for the Inventory data base DBDGEN

SAMPLE DBDGEN (Explained in next slide)

SAMPLE DBDGEN (contd.)

Explanation of Fig 2.3

First macro DBD identifies the data base and specifies the DL/I access method Second macro DATASET- identifies the file that would contain the data base Symbolic name (IN) identifies the data set in the JCL at execution time Segment types are defined using the SEGM macro Segment hierarchical relationships are specified by the PARENT parameter on a SEGM macro
PARENT= 0 or absence of PARENT parameter specifies root segment

POINTER parameter and LCHILD macro are needed for HIDAM Databases Only search fields need be specified in the DB

DBDGEN (contd.) FIELD macro defines a field in the DB

START position of field within segment NAME name of the field LENGTH length of the field TYPE data type of the field
FIELD Macro TYPE Codes C P Z X H F Data Type Character Packed decimal Zoned decimal Hexadecimal Half word Binary Full word Binary Fig 2.4 FIELD macro TYPE parameter codes

SEQ parameter specifies a sequence field

segment occurrences are added in sequence by values in these fields

STMT SOURCE STATEMENT 1 PRINT NOGEN 2 PCB TYPE=DB,DBDNAME=INDBD,PROCOPT=LS 3 SENSEG NAME=INVENSEG 4 SENSEG NAME=INITMSEG,PARENT=INVENSEG 5 SENSEG NAME=INLOCSEG,PARENT=INITMSEG 6 PSBGEN PSBNAME=INLOAD,LANG=COBOL 87 END

SAMPLE PSBGEN

Fig 2.5 Assembler source listing for the Inventory data base load programs PSBGEN

Explanation of Fig 2.5

PCB (Program Communication Block) refers to one data base. One PCB macro for each database accessed Segment Level Sensitivity
A programs access to parts of the data base identified at the segment level Within sensitive segments, the program has access to all fields

Field level sensitivity

When the program accesses that segment, only sensitive fields are presented

PSBGEN (contd.)
DBDNAME parameter on the PCB macro specifies the name of the DBD KEYLEN parameter specifies the length of the longest concatenated key the program can process in the data base PROCOPT parameter specifies the programs processing options For each PCB macro, subordinate SENSEG macros identify the sensitive segments in the data base Names specified in the SENSEG macros must be segment names from the DBDGEN for the data base named in the DBDNAME parameter of the PCB macro PSBGEN macro
Indicates that there are no more statements in the PSBGEN job PSBNAME parameter specifies the name to be given to the output PSB module LANG parameter specifies the language in which the related application program will be written.

IMS Processing Options

Indicates to IMS the type of access allowed for a sensitive segment (SENSEG) Commonly used Processing Options
PROCOPT=G means only read-only access PROCOPT=R means read/replace access PROCOPT=I means insert access allowed PROCOPT=D means Read/Delete access PROCOPT=A means all the above options present For GSAM DBs PROCOPT=LS for output and GS (Get Sequential) for input PROCOPT=L allows a 'load' into the DB. If VSAM DB, it should be empty prior to the load

The PROCOPT given for a Sensitive segment would override the one given for the DB
Example : PCB TYPE=DB,NAME=LDB42F,PROCOPT=G, KEYLEN=200 SENSEG NAME=SEGL4201, PARENT=0,PROCOPT=A WARNING : Indiscriminate use of PROCOPTS can lead to inexplicable results !

ACB & ACBGEN

ACB(Application Control Blocks) : It is created by merging and expanding PSBs and DBDs into an IMS internal format when an application program is scheduled for execution. ACBGEN : The process of building ACB is called Block Building and is done by means of ACBGEN. IMS can build ACBs either dynamically or it can prebuild them using ACB maintenance utility. ACBs cannot be prebuilt for GSAM DBDs. ACBs can be prebuild for PSBs that reference GSAM databases. ACBs save instruction, execution and direct-access wait time and improves performance in application scheduling. ACBs are maintained in IMS.ACBLIB library.

Running an application program under DL/I

Batch program does not access IMS directly JCL invokes the DL/I batch initialization module DFSRRC00 which loads the application program and the required DL/I modules The program and DL/I modules execute together Sample JCL :

//JOBNAME JOB (ACCT),'PGMR NAME', // CLASS=J, // MSGCLASS=Z, // NOTIFY=&SYSUID //JOBLIB DD DSN=YOUR.PROGRAM.LOAD.LIBRARY, // DISP=SHR // DD DSN=YOUR.SYSTEM.RESLIB.LIBRARY, // DISP=SHR //PROC EXEC PROCNAME, SYMBOLIC PARAMETERS //********************************************************* //PROCNAME PROC //******************************************************** //* THIS PROC LOADS AN IMS VSAM DATABASE //* A PROGRAM 'LOAD' IS USED FOR THIS PURPOSE //* THE PSB USED FOR LOADING IS LOADPSB //******************************************************** //LOAD EXEC PGM=DFSRRC00, // PARM='DLI,LOAD,LOADPSB'

SAMPLE JCL (Contd.)

//DFSRESLB DD DSN=YOUR.DFRESLIB.LIBRARY, // DISP=SHR //IMS DD DSN=YOUR.DBD.LIBRARY, // DISP=SHR // DD DSN=YOUR.PSB.LIBRARY, // DISP=SHR //IMSLOGR DD DSN=YOUR.IMSRLOG.DATASET, // DISP=SHR //IEFRDER DD DSN=YOUR.IEFRDER.DATASET, // DISP=OLD //* DD NAMES ARE AS SPECIFIED IN THE DATABASE //DATA DD DSN=VSAMDB.DATA.PART,DISP=SHR //INDEX DD DSN=VSAMDB.INDEX.PART,DISP=SHR //INPUT DD DSN=FILE.USED.FOR.LOADING, // DISP=SHR //DFSVSAMP DD DSN=IMSVS.PROCLIB(DFSVSAMP), // DISP=SHR //CPXMOPTS DD DSN=PARMLIB.LIBRARY(LOAD), // DISP=SHR //CPXMRPTS DD SYSOUT=* //SYSOUT DD SYSOUT=* //SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=* //SYSUDUMP DD SYSOUT=* //IMSERR DD SYSOUT=* //IMSPRINT DD SYSOUT=*

Module 3 COBOL Basics for Processing a DL/I Data Base

The ENTRY and GO BACK Statements The DL/I Call The PCB Mask

ENTRY and GO BACK Statements

ENTRY DLITCBL USING PCB-name1 [PCB-name2...]
Fig 3.1 Format of the DL/I ENTRY Statement

Application program is invoked under the control of the batch initialization module DLITCBL => DL/I to COBOL is the entry point to the program DL/I supplies the address of each PCB defined in the programs PSB PCBs must be defined in the Linkage Section Linkage Section definition of a PCB is called a PCB Mask Addressability to PCBs established by listing the PCB Masks on the ENTRY statement
PCB masks should be listed on the ENTRY statement in the same sequence as they appear in your programs PSBGEN GO BACK Statement
When a program ends, it passes control back to the DL/I DL/I reallocates resources and closes the data base data sets

The DL/I Call

CALL statements are used to request DL/I services Parameters you code on the CALL statement specify, among other things, the operation you want DL/I to perform

CALL CBLTDLI USING

DLI-function PCB-mask segment-io-area [segment-search-argument(s)]

Fig 3.2 Format of the DL/I call

CBLTDLI => COBOL to DL/I, is an interface module that is link edited with your programs object module PLITDLI, ASMTDLI are other options

The DL/I Call (contd.)

The DL/I Function
First parameter coded on any DL/I call Four character working storage field containing the function code
01 DLI-FUNCTIONS. 05 DLI-GU 05 DLI-GHU 05 DLI-GN 05 DLI-GHN 05 DLI-GNP 05 DLI-GHNP 05 DLI-ISRT 05 DLI-DLET 05 DLI-REPL 05 DLI-CHKP 05 DLI-XRST 05 DLI-PCB PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC X(4) X(4) X(4) X(4) X(4) X(4) X(4) X(4) X(4) X(4) X(4) X(4) VALUE VALUE VALUE VALUE VALUE VALUE VALUE VALUE VALUE VALUE VALUE VALUE GU . GHU . GN . GHN . GNP . GHNP. ISRT. DLET. REPL. CHKP. XRST. PCB .

The DL/I Call (contd.)

Get functions
First six 05-level items in Fig 3.3 Used to retrieve segments from a DL/I data base GU get unique function causes DL/I to retrieve a specific segment occurrence based on field values that you specify GN get next function used to retrieve segment occurrences in sequence GNP get next within parent function lets you retrieve segment occurrences in sequence, but only subordinate to an established parent segment The three get function codes that contain an H are get hold functions and are used to specify an intent to update a segment after you retrieve it GHU or the get hold unique function corresponds to GU GHN or the get hold next function corresponds to GN GHNP or the get hold next within parent function corresponds to GNP

Update functions

The DL/I Call (contd.)

Other functions
Functions CHKP (the checkpoint function) and XRST (the restart function) are used in programs to take advantage of IMSs recovery and restart features Function PCB is used in CICS programs Function SYNC is used for releasing resources that IMS has locked for the program (applicable only in a BMP) Function INIT allows an application to receive status codes regarding deadlock and data availability (from DB PCBs)

The DL/I Call (contd.)

PCB mask

Second parameter on the DL/I call The name of the PCB mask defined in the programs Linkage Section ENTRY statement establishes a correspondence between PCB masks in the Linkage Section and the PCBs within the programs PSB After each DL/I call, DL/I stores a status code in the PCB mask, which the programmer can use to determine whether the call succeeded or failed
Segment I/O Area

Third parameter on the DL/I call

The DL/I Call (contd.)

Segment search argument

Optional parameter on the DL/I call Identifies the segment occurrence you wish to access Multiple SSAs on a single DL/I call Two kinds of SSAs unqualified and qualified An unqualified SSA
Supplies the name of the next segment type that you want to operate on If you issue a GN call with an unqualified SSA, DL/I will return the next occurrence of the segment type you specify

A qualified SSA
Combines a segment name with additional information that specifies the

The PCB Mask

For each data base your program accesses, DL/I maintains an area of storage called the program communication block (PCB) Masks are defined for those areas of storage in the Linkage Section of your program
PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC X(8). XX. XX. X(4). S9(5) X(8). S9(5) S9(5) X(11).

01 INVENTORY-PCB-MASK. 05 IPCB-DBD-NAME 05 IPCB-SEGMENT-LEVEL 05 IPCB-STATUS-CODE 05 IPCB-PROC-OPTIONS 05 FILLER 05 IPCB-SEGMENT-NAME 05 IPCB-KEY-LENGTH 05 IPCB-NUMB-SENS-SEGS 05 IPCB-KEY
Fig 3.4 PCB mask for an Inventory data base

COMP. COMP. COMP.

The PCB Mask (contd.)

Data base name

The name of the data base being processed

Segment level

Specifies the current segment level in the data base After a successful call, DL/I stores the level of the segment just processed in this field
Status code

Contains the DL/I status code When DL/I successfully completes the processing you request in a call, it indicates that to your program by moving spaces to the status code field

The PCB Mask (contd.)

Key length feedback area

The field DL/I uses to report the length of the concatenated key of the lowest level segment processed during the previous call Used with the key feedback area
Number of sensitive segments

Contains the number of SENSEG macros subordinate to the PCB macro for this data base
Key feedback area

Varies in length from one PCB to another As long as the longest possible concatenated key that can be used with the programs view of the

Module 4 Segment Search Arguments

Types of SSAs Basic Unqualified SSA Basic Qualified SSA Command Codes The Null Command Code Path Call Multiple Qualifications

Types of SSAs
SSA identifies the segment occurrence you want to access It can be either

Qualified Unqualified
An unqualified SSA simply names the type of segment you want to use A qualified SSA specifies not only the segment type, but also a specific occurrence of it

Includes a field value DL/I uses to search for the segment you request Any field to which the program is sensitive to can be used in an SSA
Because of the hierarchical structure DL/I uses, you often have to specify several levels of SSAs to access a segment at a low level in a data base

Basic Unqualified SSA

01 UNQUALIFIED-SSA. * 05 UNQUAL-SSA-SEGMENT-NAME 05 FILLER *
Fig 4.1 A basic unqualified SSA

PIC X(8). PIC X VALUE SPACE.

A basic unqualified SSA is 9 bytes long The first eight bytes contain the name of the segment you want to process If the segment name is less than eight characters long, you must pad it on the right with blanks The ninth position of a basic unqualified SSA always contains a blank

The DL/I uses the value in position 9 to decide what

Basic Unqualified SSA (contd.)

To access a particular segment type, you must modify the segment name during program execution, by moving an appropriate eightcharacter segment name to the field UNQUALSSA-SEGMENT-NAME For example,
MOVE INVENSEG TO UNQUAL-SSA-SEGMENT-NAME MOVE INITMSEG TO UNQUAL-SSA-SEGMENT-NAME Alternatively, you can code the segment name as a literal when you define a qualified SSA

Basic Qualified SSA

01 * VENDOR-SSA. 05 05 05 05 *
Fig 4.2 A basic qualified SSA

FILLER FILLER VENDOR-SSA-CODE FILLER

PIC PIC PIC PIC

X(9) VALUE INVENSEG(. X(10) VALUE INVENCOD =. X(3). X VALUE ).

A qualified SSA lets you specify a particular segment occurrence based on a condition that a field within the segment must meet The first eight characters of a basic qualified SSA is the eight character segment name The ninth byte is a left parenthesis Immediately following the left parenthesis in positions 10 through 17 is an eight character field name

Basic Qualified SSA (contd.)

After the field name, in positions 18 and 19, you code a two-character relational operator to indicate the kind of checking DL/I should do on the field in the segment

The qualified SSA relational operators are shown below ( stands for a single blank space)
Equal to Not equal to Greater Than Greater than or Equal to Less Than Less than or Equal to EQ NE GT GE LT LE = <> > >= < <= = > => < =<

After the relational operator, you code a variable field into which you move the

Command Codes
Fig 4.3 Unqualified SSA format with a single command code

Fig 4.4 Qualified SSA format with a single command code

Command are used in SSAs for three purposes

To extend DL/I functionality To simplify programs by reducing the number of DL/I calls

Command Codes (contd.)

To use command codes, code an asterisk in position 9 of the SSA Then code your command codes starting from position 10. When DL/I finds an asterisk in position 9, it knows command codes will follow From position 10 onwards, DL/I considers all characters to be command codes until it encounters a space (for an unqualified SSA) or a left parenthesis (for a qualified SSA) It is unusual to use more than one command code in a single SSA A basic unqualified SSA with a single variable command code is shown below
01 UNQUALIFIED-SSA. * 05 UNQUAL-SSA-SEGMENT-NAME 05 FILLER 05 UNQUAL-SSA-COMMAND-CODE 05 FILLER *

PIC PIC PIC PIC

X(8). X VALUE *. X. X VALUE SPACE.

Command Codes (contd.)

Command Code C D Meaning Concatenated Key Path Call

F
L N P Q U V

First Occurrence
Last Occurrence Path Call Ignore Set Parentage Enqueue Segment Maintain position at this level Maintain position at this and all superior levels Null command code Fig 4.5 SSA Command Codes

The Null Command Code

Value is a hyphen () Although command code position is present, DL/I ignores it Particularly useful if you would like to use the same SSA with and without command codes An SSA with the null command code is shown below
01 UNQUALIFIED-SSA. * 05 UNQUAL-SSA-SEGMENT-NAME 05 FILLER 05 UNQUAL-SSA-COMMAND-CODE 05 FILLER *

PIC PIC PIC PIC

X(8). X VALUE *. X VALUE -. X VALUE SPACE.

Path Call

A DB call with an SSA that includes the 'D' Command code is a "PATH CALL . Its a facility where in we can retrieve an entire path of the segment Consider a sample GU call
CALL 'CBLTDLI' USING DLI-GU INVEN-PCB-MASK INVEN-STOCK-LOC-SEG VENDOR-SSA ITEM-SSA STOCK-LOC-SSA

Normally, DL/I operates on the lowest level segment that is specified in an SSA(STOCK-LOC-SSA in the above E.g.) In case if we need data from not just from the lowest level but from other levels as well we normally have to give 3 separate GU calls.This will reduce the efficiency of the program Such a call operates on two or more segments rather than just one segment. If a program has to use "Path call" then "P" should be one of the values specified in the PROCOPT parameter of the PCB in the programs PSBGEN. If path call is not explicitly enabled in the PSBGEN job there will be an 'AM' status code.

Multiple Qualifications There are two cases in which you would use multiple qualification
When you want to process a segment based on the contents of two or more fields within it When you want to process a segment based on a range of possible values for a single field

To use multiple qualification, you connect two or more qualification statements (a field name, a relational operator, and a comparison value) within the parentheses of the SSA. To connect them, you use the Boolean operators AND and OR Either of the two symbols shown in the table below may be used for AND or OR The independent AND operator is used for special operations with secondary indexes and will be discussed later

Multiple Qualifications (contd.)

01 VENDOR-SSA. * 05 FILLER 05 FILLER 05 VENDOR-SSA-LOW-CODE 05 FILLER 05 FILLER 05 VENDOR-SSA-HIGH-CODE 05 FILLER

PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC

X(9) X(10) X(3). X X(10) X(3). X

VALUE INVENSEG(. VALUE INVENCOD>=.

VALUE &. VALUE INVENCOD<=. VALUE ).

The above SSA, which uses multiple qualifications can be used to retrieve vendor segments whose vendor codes fall within a certain range

The first qualification statement specifies that the vendor code field must be greater than or equal to a particular value; that is the low end of the range The second qualification statement specifies that

Module 5 Retrieving Data from a Data Base

The GU Call The GN Call The GNP Call Status Codes Expected during Sequential Processing Using Command Codes with Retrieval Calls Multiple Processing

The GU Call
Used for random processing Applications of random processing

When a relatively small number of updates are posted to a large data base To establish position in a data base for subsequent sequential retrieval
You know what data you want to retrieve and you want to get to it directly Independent of the position established by the previous calls
DLI-GU INVENTORY-PCB-MASK INVENTORY-STOCK-LOC-SEGMENT VENDOR-SSA ITEM-SSA STOCK-LOCATION-SSA.

CALL CBLTDLI USING

The GU Call (contd.) Usually, GU processing is based on sequence (key) fields with unique values
However, for some applications you may find it necessary to either

Access a segment whose sequence field allows nonunique values Access a segment based on a field that is not the segments key field In the above cases, DL/I returns the first segment occurrence with the specified search value
Special considerations for GU calls without a full set of qualified SSAs

1. When you use an unqualified SSA in a GU call, DL/I accesses the first segment occurrence in the data base that meets the criteria you specify 2. If you issue a GU call without any SSAs, DL/I returns the first occurrence of the root segment in the data base

The GU Call (contd.)

Status codes you can expect during random processing with GU calls

Only two status code values need to be considered spaces and GE Spaces means the call was successful and the requested segment was returned in your programs segment I/O area A GE status code indicates that DL/I couldnt find a segment that met the criteria you specified in the call

The GN Call
CALL CBLTDLI USING DLI-GN INVENTORY-PCB-MASK INVENTORY-STOCK-LOC-SEGMENT STOCK-LOCATION-SSA.

Used for basic sequential processing After any successful data base call, your data base position is immediately before the next segment occurrence in the normal hierarchical sequence Before your program issues any calls, position is before the root segment of the first data base record The GN call moves forward through the data base from the position established by the previous call If a GN call is unqualified (that is, if it does not employ an SSA), it returns the next segment occurrence in the data base regardless of type, in hierarchical sequence If a GN call includes SSAs qualified or unqualified DL/I retrieves only segments that meet requirements of all SSAs you specify If you include an unqualified SSA or omit an SSA altogether for a segment type, DL/I allows any occurrence of that segment type to satisfy the call But when you specify a qualified SSA, DL/I selects only those segment occurrences

The GNP Call

CALL CBLTDLI USING DLI-GNP INVENTORY-PCB-MASK INVENTORY-STOCK-LOC-SEGMENT UNQUALIFIED-SSA.

Used for sequential processing within parentage Works like the GN call, except it retrieves only segments that are subordinate to the currently established parent To establish parentage, your program MUST issue either a GU call or a GN call, and the call must be successful

Parentage is never automatically established, in spite of the hierarchical structure of the data base
The segment returned by the call becomes the established parent Subsequent GNP calls return only segment occurrences that are dependent on that parent When there are no more segments within the established parentage DL/I returns GE as the status code

The GNP Call (contd.)

Vendor 1 Item 2 Established Parent Item 1 Loc 2 Loc 1 Loc 5 Loc 4 Loc 3 Loc 2 Loc 1 Item 1 Loc 2 Loc 1 Fig 5.1 Sequential retrieval with GNP call Loc 5 Loc 4 Loc 3 Loc 2 Loc 1 Vendor 1 Established

Parent
Item 2

Status Codes you can expect during Sequential Processing

Using Command Codes with Retrieval Calls

The F command code

When you issue a call with an SSA that includes the F command code, the call processes the first occurrence of the segment named by the SSA, subject to the calls other qualifications Can be used when you are doing sequential processing and you need to back up in the data base, or in other words, the F command code can be used for sequential retrieval using GN and GNP calls Meaningless with GU calls, because GU normally retrieves the first segment occurrence that meets the criteria you specify

The usage of the D command code is illustrated below

01 VENDOR-SSA. 05 FILLER PIC X(11) VALUE INVENSEG*D(. 05 FILLER PIC X(10) VALUE INVENCOD =. 05 VENDOR-SSA-CODE PIC X(3). 05 FILLER PIC X VALUE ). * 01 ITEM-SSA. 05 FILLER PIC X(11) VALUE INITMSEG*D(. 05 FILLER PIC X(10) VALUE INITMNUM =. 05 ITEM-SSA-NUMBER PIC X(5). 05 FILLER PIC X VALUE ). * 01 LOCATION-SSA. 05 FILLER PIC X(11) VALUE INLOCSEG*D(. 05 FILLER PIC X(10) VALUE INLOCLOC =. 05 LOCATION-SSA-CODE PIC X(3). 05 FILLER PIC X VALUE ). * 01 PATH-CALL-I-O-AREA. 05 INVENTORY-VENDOR-SEGMENT PIC X(131). 05 INVENTORY-ITEM-SEGMENT PIC X(48). 05 INVENTORY-STOCK-LOC-SEGMENT PIC X(21). * . . . * CALL CBLTDLI USING DLI-GU INVENTORY-PCB-MASK

Using Command Codes with Retrieval Calls (contd.)

Using Command Codes with Retrieval Calls (contd.) The C command code
If you are developing a program that retrieves just lower-level segment occurrences from a data base, you dont have to code separate SSAs for each level in the hierarchical path Instead you can use a single SSA with the C command code Then, rather than coding a field name, relational operator, and search value, you specify the concatenated key for the segment you are interested in An illustration of the use of the C command code is shown below

Using Command Codes with Retrieval Calls (contd.) The P command code
When you issue a GU or GN call, DL/I normally establishes parentage at the lowest level segment that is retrieved However, if you want to override that and cause parentage to be established at a higher-level segment in the hierarchical path, you can use the P command code in its SSA

The U command code

When you use an unqualified SSA that specifies the U command code in a GN call, DL/I restricts the search for the segment you request to

Using Command Codes with Retrieval Calls (contd.) The Q command code
This command code is used to enqueue, or reserve for exclusive use, a segment or path of segments You only need to use the Q command code in an interactive environment where there is a chance that another program might make a change to a segment between the time you first access it and the time you are finished with it

Multiple Processing
Multiple processing is a general term that means a program can have more than one position in a single physical data base at the same time DL/I lets the programmer implement multiple processing in two ways

1.Through multiple PCBs 2.Through multiple positioning

Multiple PCBs

The DBA can define multiple PCBs for a single data base Then, the program has two (or more) views of the data base As with PCBs for different data bases, each has its own mask in the Linkage Section and is specified

Multiple positioning

Multiple Processing (contd.)

Lets a program maintain more than one position within a data base using a single PCB To do that, DL/I maintains a distinct position for each A1 hierarchical path Data the program processes base Record 1 Most of the time, multiple positioning is used to C13 C12 A2 access segments of two or more types sequentially at B13 C11 B12 Data base the same time B11 Record 2
C22
B22 B21 Fig 5.2 Two data base records to illustrate multiple positioning C21

Multiple Processing (contd.)

MOVE SEGB TO UNQUAL-SSA-SEGMENT-NAME. CALL CBLTDLI USING DLI-GN SAMPLE-DB-PCB SEGMENT-B-I-O-AREA UNQUALIFIED-SSA. MOVE SEGC TO UNQUAL-SSA-SEGMENT-NAME. CALL CBLTDLI USING DLI-GN SAMPLE-DB-PCB SEGMENT-C-I-O-AREA UNQUALIFIED-SSA.

When you use multiple positioning, DL/I maintains its separate positions based on segment type As a result you include an unqualified SSA in the call that names the segment type whose position you want to use

Module 6 Adding and Updating Data to a Data Base

The ISRT Call The Get Hold Calls The REPL Call The DLET Call Common IMS Status Codes

The ISRT Call

The ISRT call is used to add a segment occurrence to a data base, either during update processing of an existing data base or during load processing of a new data base Before an ISRT call is issued, you should first build the segment occurrence by moving data to the fields of the segment description After formatting the segment, you issue the ISRT call with at least one SSA: an unqualified SSA for the segment type you want to add Consider the example below
DLI-ISRT INVENTORY-PCB-MASK INVENTORY-STOCK-LOC-SEGMENT UNQUALIFIED-SSA.

CALL CBLTDLI USING

Here UNQUALIFIED-SSA specifies the segment name Because the SSA is unqualified, DL/I tries to satisfy the call based on the current position in the data base As a result, you need to be careful about position when you issue an ISRT call that specifies only a single unqualified SSA

The ISRT Call (contd.)

A safer technique is to specify a qualified SSA for each hierarchical level above the one where you want to insert the segment, as illustrated below
DLI-ISRT INVENTORY-PCB-MASK INVENTORY-STOCK-LOC-SEGMENT VENDOR-SSA ITEM-SSA UNQUALIFIED-SSA. CALL CBLTDLI USING

If SSAs for vendor and item are initialized with the proper key values, DL/I inserts the new segment occurrence in the correct position in the data base When you issue a fully qualified ISRT call like this, DL/I returns a status code of GE if any segment occurrence you specify in an SSA isnt present in the data base As a result, you can issue an ISRT call with qualified SSAs instead of first issuing GU calls to find out if higher-level segments in the path are present By issuing one call instead of two (or more), you can save system resources

The ISRT Call (contd.)

Where inserted segments are stored

If the new segment has a unique sequence field, as most segment types do, it is added in its proper sequential position However, some lower-level segment types in some data bases have non-unique sequence fields or dont have sequence fields at all When thats the case, where the segment occurrence is added depends on the rules the DBA specifies for the data base For a segment without a sequence field, the insert

The ISRT Call (contd.)

Status codes you can expect during insert processing

GE When you use multiple SSAs and DL/I cannot satisfy the call with the specified path I I When you try to add a segment occurrence that is already present in the data base For load processing you might get status codes LB, LC, LD or LE.
In most cases they indicate that you are not inserting segments in exact hierarchical sequence That means there is an error in your program or the files from which you are loading the data base contain incorrect data

The Get Hold Calls

There are three get hold functions you can specify in a DL/I call:

1.GHU (Get hold unique) 2.GHN (Get hold next), and, 3.GHNP (Get hold next within parent)

These calls parallel the three retrieval calls earlier discussed Before you can replace or delete a segment, you must declare your intent to do so, by retrieving the segment with one of these three calls Then you must issue the replace or delete call before you do another DL/I processing in your program

The REPL Call

After you have retrieved a segment with one of the get hold calls, you can make changes to the data in that segment, then issue an REPL call to replace the original segment with the new data There are two restrictions on the changes you can make:

1. You cant change the length of the segment 2. You cant change the value of the sequence field (if the segment has one)
Never code a qualified SSA on an REPL call: if you do, the call will fail An example of a typical replace operation is shown below
CALL CBLTDLI USING DLI-GHU INVENTORY-PCB-MASK INVENTORY-STOCK-LOC-SEGMENT VENDOR-SSA ITEM-SSA LOCATION-SSA. ADD TRANS-RECEIPT-QTY TO ISLS-QUANTITY-ON-HAND. SUBTRACT TRANS-RECEIPT-QTY FROM ISLS-QUANTITY-ON-ORDER. CALL CBLTDLI USING DLI-REPL

The REPL Call (contd.)

Status codes you can expect during replace processing

If you try to use a qualified SSA on an REPL call, you will get an AJ status code If your program issues a replace call without an immediately preceding get hold call, DL/I returns a DJ status code If your program makes a change to the segments key field before issuing the REPL call, DL/I returns a DA status code

The DLET Call

The DLET call works much like REPL You must first issue a get hold call to indicate that you intend to make a change to the segment you are retrieving Then you issue a DLET call to delete the segment occurrence from the data base For example, to delete a stock location that is no longer active, youd code a series of statements like the ones below
DLI-GHU INVENTORY-PCB-MASK INVENTORY-STOCK-LOC-SEGMENT VENDOR-SSA ITEM-SSA LOCATION-SSA. DLI-DLET INVENTORY-PCB-MASK INVENTORY-STOCK-LOC-SEGMENT.

CALL CBLTDLI USING

CALL CBLTDLI USING

Notice that the DLET call does not include any SSAs There is one important point you must keep in mind whenever you use the DLET call when you delete a segment, you automatically delete all segment occurrences subordinate to it The status codes you might get after a DLET call are the same as those you can get

Common IMS Status Codes

Returned by IMS after each DB call

Field STATUS-CODE X(02) in the PCB-MASK definition Acceptable and unacceptable status codes GE record occurrence not found GB End of DB reached
Status codes relate to the type of IMS call GHN, GHNP, GHU, GU AB, AK, GE, GB

AK Invalid field name in SSA

ISRT AB, AC, AD, AJ, AK, II

AC Segment not found

IMS Abends
U0456 -- PSB stopped U0456 -- IMS Compile option DLITCBL not set to Y U0458 -- DB Stopped U0844 -- DB being updated is full S013 -- Error opening the DB

A few tips on resolving IMS abends: Confirm that the Abend is caused by IMS check the job log for IMS return code
Check the JCL if modified from another JCL, verify that changes are correct Check the SYSOUT dump for IMS diagnostic messages Use MVS/QW to get further information on the abend

Sample IMS Program

IDENTIFICATION DIVISION. PROGRAM-ID. PATGET2. ENVIRONMENT DIVISION. CONFIGURATION SECTION. SOURCE-COMPUTER. IBM-370. OBJECT-COMPUTER. IBM-370. INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION. FILE-CONTROL. DATA DIVISION. FILE SECTION. WORKING-STORAGE SECTION. 77 TOP-PAGE 77 GET-UNIQUE 01 HOSPITAL-SSA. 05 FILLER 05 HOSPNAME-SSA 05 FILLER 01 WARD-SSA. 05 FILLER 05 WARDNO-SSA 05 FILLER 01 PATIENT-SSA. 05 FILLER 05 PATNAME-SS 05 FILLER 01 UNQUAL-HOSPITAL-SSA 01 UNQUAL-WARD-SSA 01 UNQUAL-PATIENT-SSA 01 WS-ISRT 01 WS-GHU 01 HOSP-I-O-AREA. 05 HOSP-NAME PIC X VALUE '1'. PIC X(4) VALUE 'GU'.

PIC X(19) VALUE 'HOSPITAL(HOSPNAME ='. PIC X(20). PIC X VALUE ')'. PIC X(19) VALUE 'WARD PIC X(04). PIC X VALUE ')'. PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC X(19) VALUE 'PATIENT X(20). X VALUE ')'. X(9) VALUE 'HOSPITAL X(9) VALUE 'WARD X(9) VALUE 'PATIENT X(4) VALUE 'ISRT'. X(4) VALUE 'GHU '. (WARDNO ='.

(PATNAME ='.

'. '. '.

PIC X(20).

Sample Program (contd.)

01 PATIENT-I-O-AREA. 03 PATIENT-NAME 03 PATIENT-ADDRESS 03 PATIENT-PHONE 03 BEDINDENT 03 DATEADMT 03 PREV-STAY-FLAG LINKAGE SECTION. 01 PCB-MASK. 02 DBD-NAME-1 02 SEG-LEVEL-1 02 STATUS-CODE-1 02 PROCESS-OPTIONS-1 02 KEY-LENGTH 02 SEG-NAME-FDBK-1 02 LENGTH-FB-KEY-1 02 NUMB-SENS-SEGS-1 02 KEY-FB-AREA-1 PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC X(20). X(30). X(10). X(4). X(8). X.

PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC

X(8). XX. XX. X(4). S9(5) COMP. X(8). S9(5) COMP. S9(5) COMP. X(26).

PROCEDURE DIVISION. ENTRY 'DLITCBL' USING PCB-MASK. PERFORM INSERT-HOSP-PARA THRU INSERT-HOSP-EXIT. PERFORM INSERT-WARD-01-PARA THRU INSERT-WARD-01-EXIT. PERFORM INSERT-PATIENTS-PARA THRU INSERT-PATIENTS-EXIT. GOBACK. INSERT-HOSP-PARA. MOVE 'MACNEAL TO HOSP-NAME. MOVE 'ABC DDDD' TO HOSP-ADDRESS. MOVE '12345' TO HOSP-PHONE. CALL 'CBLTDLI' USING WS-ISRT PCB-MASK HOSP-I-O-AREA UNQUAL-HOSPITAL-SSA.

Sample Program (contd.)

IF STATUS-CODE-1 NOT EQUAL SPACES EXIT. INSERT-HOSP-EXIT. EXIT. INSERT-WARD-01-PARA. MOVE '01' MOVE 10 MOVE 20 MOVE '03' MOVE 'INTENSIVE' CALL 'CBLTDLI' USING WS-ISRT TO TO TO TO TO WARD-NO. TOT-ROOMS. TOT-BEDS. BEDAVAIL WARD-TYPE. PCB-MASK WARD-I-O-AREA UNQUAL-HOSPITAL-SSA UNQUAL-WARD-SSA. IF STATUS-CODE-1 NOT EQUAL SPACES EXIT. INSERT-WARD-01-EXIT. EXIT. INSERT-PATIENTS-PARA. MOVE 'MACNEAL' MOVE 'JOHN SMITH' MOVE '123 HAMILTON STR' MOVE '12345 ' MOVE '1111' MOVE '02021999' MOVE 'N' CALL 'CBLTDLI' USING WS-ISRT PCB-MASK PATIENT-I-O-AREA HOSPITAL-SSA WARD-SSA UNQUAL-PATIENT-SSA.

TO TO TO TO TO TO TO

WARDNO-SSA. PATIENT-NAME. PATIENT-ADDRESS. PATIENT-PHONE. BEDINDENT. DATEADMT. PREV-STAY-FLAG.

Module 7 Secondary Indexing

The Need for Secondary Indexing A Customer Data Base Secondary Indexes Secondary Keys Secondary Data Structures DBDGEN Requirements for Secondary Indexes PSBGEN Requirements for Secondary Indexing Indexing a Segment based on a Dependent Segment The Independent AND Operator Sparse Sequencing Duplicate Data Fields

The Need for Secondary Indexing

Often you need to be able to access a data base in an order other than its primary hierarchical sequence Or, you may need to access a segment in a data base directly, without supplying its complete concatenated key With secondary indexing both are possible

A Customer Data Base

Customer

Ship-to

Buyer

Receivable

Payment
Fig 7.1 The customer data base

Adjustment

Line Item

The Customer Data Base (contd.)

01 CUSTOMER-SEGMENT. 05 CS-CUSTOMER-NUMBER 05 CS-CUSTOMER-NAME 05 CS-ADDRESS-LINE-1 05 CS-ADDRESS-LINE-2 05 CS-CITY 05 CS-STATE 05 CS-ZIP-CODE * 01 SHIP-TO-SEGMENT. 05 STS-SHIP-TO-SEQUENCE 05 STS-SHIP-TO-NAME 05 STS-ADDRESS-LINE-1 05 STS-ADDRESS-LINE-2 05 STS-CITY 05 STS-STATE 05 STS-ZIP-CODE * 01 BUYER-SEGMENT. 05 BS-BUYER-NAME 05 BS-TITLE 05 BS-TELEPHONE * 01 RECEIVABLE-SEGMENT. 05 RS-INVOICE-NUMBER 05 RS-INVOICE-DATE 05 RS-PO-NUMBER 05 RS-PRODUCT-TOTAL PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC X(6). X(31). X(31). X(31). X(18). XX. X(9).

PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC

XX. X(31). X(31). X(31). X(18). XX. X(9).

PIC X(31). PIC X(31). PIC X(10).

PIC PIC PIC PIC

X(6). X(6). X(25). S9(5)V99

COMP-3.

The Customer Data Base (contd.)

01 PAYMENT-SEGMENT. 05 PS-CHECK-NUMBER 05 PS-BANK-NUMBER 05 PS-PAYMENT-DATE 05 PS-PAYMENT-AMOUNT * 01 ADJUSTMENT-SEGMENT. 05 AS-REFERENCE-NUMBER 05 AS-ADJUSTMENT-DATE 05 AS-ADJUSTMENT-TYPE 05 AS-ADJUSTMENT-AMOUNT * 01 LINE-ITEM-SEGMENT. 05 LIS-ITEM-KEY. 10 LIS-ITEM-KEY-VENDOR 10 LIS-ITEM-KEY-NUMBER 05 LIS-UNIT-PRICE 05 LIS-QUANTITY * PIC PIC PIC PIC X(16). X(25). X(6). S9(5)V99 COMP-3.

PIC PIC PIC PIC

X(16). X(6). X. S9(5)V99

COMP-3.

PIC PIC PIC PIC

X(3). X(3). S9(5)V99 S9(7)

COMP-3. COMP-3.

Fig 7.2 Segment Layouts for the Customer Data Base (Part 2 of 2)

Customer Data Base

Secondary Indexes
Customer Ship-to
Index Target Segment

Secondary Index Data Base Invoice number index data base Prefix Data Invoice Rec. Seg. Index No. Addr. Pointer Segment

Index Source Segment

Buyer

Receivable

Payment

Adjustment

Line Item
Indexed Data Base

Fig 7.3 Secondary Indexing Example in which the Index Source Segment and the Index Target Segment are the same

Secondary Indexes (contd.) DL/I maintains the alternate sequence by storing pointers to segments of the indexed
data base in a separate index data base A secondary index data base has just one segment type, called the index pointer segment The index pointer segment contains two main elements a prefix element and a data element The data element contains the key value from the segment in the indexed data base over which the index is built, called the index source segment The prefix part of the index pointer segment contains a pointer to the index target segment the segment that is accessible via the secondary index The index source and target segments need not be the same After a secondary index has been set up, DL/I maintains it automatically as changes are made to the indexed data base though the index is transparent to application programs that use it

So, even if a program that is not sensitive to a secondary index updates a data base record in a way that would affect the index, DL/I automatically

Secondary Indexes (contd.)

If multiple access paths are required into the same data base, the DBA can define as many different secondary indexes as necessary each stored in a separate index data base

In practice, the number of secondary indexes for a given data base is kept low because each imposes additional processing overhead on DL/I

Secondary Keys
The field in the index source segment over which the secondary index is built is called the secondary key The secondary key need not be the segments sequence field any field can be used as a secondary key Though usually, a single field within the index source segment is designated as the secondary key for a secondary index, the DBA can combine as many as five fields in the source segment to form the complete secondary key

These fields need not even lie adjacent to each other

Secondary key values do not have to be unique

Secondary Data Structures A secondary index changes the apparent hierarchical structure of the data base
The index target segment is presented to your program as if it were a root segment, even if it isnt actually the root segment As a result, the hierarchical sequence of the segments in the path from the index target segment to the root segment is inverted: those segments appear to be subordinate to the index target segment, even though they are actually superior to it The resulting rearrangement of the data base structure is called a secondary data structure

Receivable

Ship-to

Payment

Adjustment

Line Item

Customer

Buyer

Fig 7.4 Secondary Data Structure for the Secondary Index

Secondary Data Structures (contd.)

Secondary data structures dont change the way the data base segments are stored on disk

They just alter the way DL/I presents those segments to application programs
When you code an application program that processes a data base via a secondary index, you must consider how the secondary data structure affects your programs logic

DBDGEN Requirements for Because a secondary index relationship involves two data bases, two DBDGENs are Secondary Indexes required one for the indexed data base and the other for the secondary index data
base

Fig 7.5 Partial DBDGEN output for the customer data base showing the code to implement the secondary index

DBDGEN Requirements for Secondary Indexes (contd.)

Fig 7.6 DBDGEN output for the Secondary Index Data Base

In the DBDGEN for the indexed data base, an LCHILD macro relates an index target segment to its associated secondary index data base In the DBDGEN for the secondary index data base, an LCHILD macro relates the index pointer segment to the index target segment

DBDGEN Requirements for Secondary Indexes (contd.)

ACCESS=INDEX in the DBD macro in Fig 7.6 tells DL/I that an index data base is being defined The INDEX parameter of the LCHILD macro in Fig 7.6 specifies the name of the secondary key field CRRECXNO The XDFLD macro in Fig 7.5 supplies a field name (CRRECXNO) that is used to access the data base via the secondary key

This key field does not become a part of the segment Instead, its value is derived from up to five fields defined within the segment with FIELD macros
The SRCH parameter defines the field(s) that constitute the secondary index

PSBGEN Requirements for Just because a secondary index exists for a data base doesnt mean DL/I will Secondary Indexing automatically use it when one of your programs issues calls for that data base
You need to be sure that the PSBGEN for the program specifies the proper processing sequence for the data base on the PROCSEQ parameter of the PSB macro If it doesnt, processing is done using the normal hierarchical sequence for the data base For the PROCSEQ parameter, the DBA codes the DBD name for the secondary index data base that will be used

Fig 7.7 PSBGEN Output

PSBGEN Requirements for Secondary Indexing (contd.)

The SENSEG macros in Fig 7.7 reflect the secondary data structure imposed by the secondary index When the PROCSEQ parameter is present, processing is done based on the secondary index sequence If a program needs to access the same indexed data base using different processing sequences, the programs PSBGEN will contain more than one PCB macro, each specifying a different value for the PROCSEQ parameter

Indexing a Segment based on a Dependent Segment

Customer Data Base Secondary Index Data Base Invoice number index data base Prefix Cust. Seg. Addr. Data Item No. Index Target Segment

Customer
Ship-to

Index Pointer Segment

Buyer

Receivable
Index Source Segment

Payment

Adjustment

Line Item
Indexed Data Base

Fig 7.8 Secondary Indexing Example in which the Index Source Segment and the Index Target Segment are different

Indexing a Segment based on a Dependent Segment (contd.) The Index Source Segment and the Index Target Segment need not be the same
Some applications require that a particular segment be indexed by a value that is derived from a dependent segment

In such a case, the Index Target Segment and the Index Source Segment are different For example, in Fig 7.8, you can retrieve customers based on items they have purchased In other words, the SSA for a get call would specify an item number, but the call would retrieve a customer segment
The only restriction you need to be aware of here is that the Index Source Segment must be a dependent of the Index Target Segment

Thus, in the example shown in Fig 7.8, it wouldnt

The Independent AND Operator

When used with secondary indexes, AND ( * or & ) is called the dependent AND operator The independent AND (#) lets you specify qualifications that would be impossible with the dependent AND This operator can be used only for secondary indexes where the index source segment is a dependent of the index target segment Then, you can code an SSA with the independent AND to specify that an occurrence of the target segment be processed based on fields in two or more dependent source segments In contrast, a dependent AND requires that all fields you specify in the SSA be in the same segment occurrence An SSA that uses the independent AND operator is shown below

01 ITEM-SELECTION-SSA. * 05 FILLER 05 FILLER 05 SSA-ITEM-KEY-1 05 FILLER 05 FILLER 05 SSA-ITEM-KEY-2 05 FILLER

PIC X(9) VALUE CRCUSSEG(. PIC X(10) VALUE CRLINXNO =.

PIC X(8). PIC X VALUE #. PIC X(10) VALUE CRLINXNO =. PIC X(8). PIC X VALUE ).

Sparse Sequencing When the DBA implements a secondary index data base with sparse sequencing (also
called sparse indexing), it is possible to omit some index source segments from the index Sparse sequencing can improve performance when some occurrences of the index source segment must be indexed but others need not be DL/I uses a suppression value, a suppression routine, or both to determine whether a segment should be indexed (either when inserting a new segment or processing an existing one) If the value of the sequence field(s) in the index source segment matches a suppression value specified by the DBA, no index relationship is established (for an insert) or expected (for any other call) The DBA can also specify a suppression routine that DL/I invokes to determine the index status for the segment The suppression routine is a user-written program that evaluates the segment and determines whether or not it should be indexed Note:

When sparse indexing is used, its functions are handled by DL/I You dont need to make special provisions for it in

Duplicate Data Fields

For some applications, it might be desirable to store user data from the index source segment in the index pointer segment When the DBA specifies that some fields are duplicate data fields, this is possible Up to five data fields can be stored in the index data base, and DL/I maintains them automatically Duplicate data fields are useful only when the index data base is processed as a separate data base Note:

Duplicate data fields impose extra DL/I overhead and require extra DASD storage It is the DBAs responsibility to decide whether the advantages of using duplicate data fields outweigh the extra DL/I overhead and DASD storage requirements mentioned above

Module 8 Logical Data Bases

Introduction to Logical Data Bases Logical Data Base Terminology DBDGENs for Logical Data Bases

An Introduction to Logical Data Inter related databases Bases A logical child segment has 2 parent segments
One Inter related databases. physical parent and one logical parent
DB2

SEG-1
DB1

PP

Physical Parent

LP
SEG-a SEG-b RLC
Real Logical Child

Logical Parent

C2

VLC
Virtual Logical Child

Logical Data Base Terminology

Real Logical Child

The child under consideration

Physical Parent

Original parent of the child

Logical Parent

The parent in the other data base

Virtual Logical Child

The child as seen from the other data base

Three types of Logical data bases

Unidirectional.

DBDGENs for a Logical Data Base

******DBD1****** . . . 6 SEGM NAME=RLC, 7 PARENT=(PP,PTR), (LP,DBD2), 8 POINTER=(TWIN,LTWIN), RULES=(LLV,LAST),BYTES=16 9 FIELD NAME=******************************** 10 FIELD NAME=******************************** . . .

******DBD2******* . . . 6 SEGM NAME=LP, PARENT=SEG-1, BYTES=48 7 LCHILD NAME= (RLC,DBD1), POINTER=PTR, PAIR=VLC 8 FIELD NAME=******************************** 9 FIELD NAME=******************************** 10 FIELD NAME=********************************

Module 9 Recovery and Restart

Introduction to Data Base Recovery Introduction to Checkpointing Types of Checkpointing Extended Restart Database Image Copy

Introduction to Data Base Recovery

The process of recovering the data base in case of application program failure Back out changes made by the abended program, correct the error and rerun the program. Types of recoveries

Forward recovery Backward recovery

Forward Recovery

Data base changes for a time period is accumulated A copy of the data base is created The changes are applied to this data base copy DL/I uses change-data stored in DL/I logs for

Introduction to Checkpointing
Synonyms: synchronization point, sync point, commit point and point of integrity Program execution point at which the DB changes are complete and accurate DB changes made before the most recent checkpoint are not reversed by recovery Normally the start of the pgm is considered as a default checkpoint In case of a number of DB updates, explicit checkpoints can be specified Explicit checkpoints can be established using checkpoint call(CHKP) inside the program CHKP creates a checkpoint record on DL/I log which prevents recovery before that point

Types of Checkpointing
Types of checkpointing

Basic checkpointing Symbolic checkpointing

Basic checkpointing

Simple form of checkpointing. Issues checkpoint calls that the DL/I recovery utilities use during recovery processing
Symbolic checkpointing

More advanced type of checkpointing Used in combination with extended restart Programs resume from the point following the

Extended Restart (XRST)

The XRST call is used in connection with the symbolic checkpoint call It is used to restart your program The XRST call precedes a symbolic checkpoint call The XRST call must be issued only once It should be issued early in the execution of the program It must precede any CHKP call The program is restarted from a symbolic CHKP taken during a previous execution of the program The CHKP used to perform the restart can be identified by entering the checkpoint ID CHKP ID can be specified in 2 ways

In the I/O area pointed to by the XRST call Specifying ID in the CKPTID= field of EXEC statement in the program's JCL

Database Image Copy

Job which is run to take backup copies of IMS database datasets at periodic intervals

Traditionally, batch cycle starts at 7 pm and ends at 7 am Image Copy jobs are usually run before and after a batch cycle If abend occurs, revert to the DB generated by image copy job and rerun Commonly used image copy utility is BMC Softwares ICPUMAIN Database and Image copy DD names specified in the ICPSYSIN card

Module 10 DL/I Data Base Organizations

DL/I Organizations & Access Methods Hierarchical Sequential Organization Hierarchical Direct Organization Additional IMS Access Methods

DL/I Organizations & Access Methods

File Organization is a description of how a file is processed & Access Method is the software used to implement that processing. DL/I provides two basic data base organizations :

Hierarchic Sequential: In this the segments that make up the database record are related to one another by their physical locations. Hierarchic Direct : In this the segment occurrences include prefixes that contain direct pointers to related segments.

Hierarchic Sequential Organizations Access Methods

HS Organizations provide four types of Access Methods

HSAM ( Hierarchic Sequential Access Method) : The program in HSAM database works through it sequentially from beginning to end.The application programs cannot replace or delete segments without copying the entire database. HISAM (Hierarchic Indexed Sequential Access Method): In HISAM the data is stored with hierarchic sequential organization. An index is also maintained to allow random access to any database record. SHSAM( Simple Hierarchical Sequential Access

Hierarchic Direct Organization Access Method

HDAM ( Hierarchic Direct Access Method ):

HDAM stores root segment occurrences based on a randomizing routine. Occurrences of dependent segments are related to root and one another by a system of pointers the HD Organization is based upon. HDAM databases are not appropriate for sequential processing.
HIDAM (Hierarchic Indexed Direct Access Method) :

Segment data in HIDAM is stored in the same way like that in HDAM.

Additional IMS Access Methods

GSAM( Generalized Sequential Access Methods):

GSAM lets application files to be treat OS sequential files as databases. Data is processed on a record to record to basis but through DL/I calls. Processing of database is sequential , ISRT add data only at the end of database & REPL and DLET calls are not supported. They are typically used during conversion from a system that uses standard files to one that uses data bases.

Additional IMS Access Methods (contd..)

DEDB( Data Entry Data Base ) :

DEBD is stored in disk and has a hierarchical structure They are organized in typical DL/I fashion, as direct dependent segment types. DEBDs use a complicated storage scheme that involves separating the data base into as many as 240 areas and this allows very large data bases.

Module 11 Advanced DL/I features

Variable Length Segments DBD for GSAMs PCB for GSAMs

Variable Length Segments

When a field length that is stored in a segment type varies, for example Description or Explanatory text, then we define those fields as variable length fields The segment with such a field defined in it is called Variable Length Segment For description and explanatory fields, if we define them long enough to accommodate the longest possible text, then a lot of space is wasted in cases where it contains shorter strings. The SEGM macro in DBD is defined as
SEGM NAME=INVENSEG,PARENT=0,POINTER=TR,BYTES=m,n

m=maximum length of the segment + 2 bytes n=minimum length of the segment + 2 bytes The extra two bytes is used to store the length field of the occurrence of the variable length segment In Application Program :

The length field has to be included in the I-O Area for the segment. Length PIC S 9(4)

Variable Length Segments (contd.)

Variable Length Segments are appropriate when segment occurrence length vary but once created and made stabilized. Disadvantage:

If the occurrence of the segment type grows in length then Variable length segment will drop performance When segment type occurrences grow in size then it split's into 2 parts which are not stored in the same physical record, so we require two I/O operations to fetch the segment therefore the

DBD for GSAMs

During DBD generation for a GSAM database we should specify one dataset group The DD name of the input dataset that is used when the application retrieves data from the database The DD name of the output dataset used when loading the database. The DBD for a GSAM is shown below
DBD NAME=CARDS,ACCESS=(GSAM,BSAM) DATASET D1=ICARDS,DD2=OCARDS,RECFM=F,RECORD=80 DBDGEN FINISH END

In GSAM DBD's you can't specify

SEGM and FIELD statements The use of logical or index relationships between segments
IMS adds 2 bytes to the record length value specified in the DBD in order to

DBD for GSAMs (contd.)

Whenever the database is GSAM/BSAM and the records are variable (V or VB), IMS adds 2 bytes. The record size of the GSAM database is 2 bytes greater than the longest segment that is passed to IMS by the application program. A database if defined as GSAM has the advantage of the usage of CHECKPOINT and RESTART Disadvantage of GSAM database : Only inserts can be done to the DB which is defined as GSAM, no delete operation can be performed on GSAM Database.

PCB for GSAMs

The PCB for a GSAM database is coded as shown below PCB TYPE=GSAM,DBDNAME=REPORT,PROCOPT=LS The GSAM PCB statement must follow the PCB statements with TYPE=TP or DB if any exist in the PSB generation, the rule is:

TP PCBs First DB PCBs Second GSAM PCBs Last

A sample PSB is shown below
PCB TYPE=TP,NAME=OUTPUT1 PCB TYPE=DB,DBDNAME=PARTMSTR,PROCOPT=A,KEYLEN=100 SENSEG NAME=PARTMAST,PARENT=0,PROCOPT=A SENSEG NAME=CPWS,PARENT=PARTMAST,PROCOPT=A PCB TYPE=GSAM,DBDNAME=REPORT,PROCOPT=LS PSBGEN LANG=COBOL,PSBNAME=APPLPGM3 END

Thank You