CULTURAL SOLIDARITY

CHAPTER 6

Outline
I. Concepts affecting cultural solidarity
A. B. C. D. E. F. G. Culture Cultural Relativism Racial Ethnicity Prejudice Racism Discrimination Patterns of Majority and Minority Interaction

II. Philippine Setting III. Peace Education and Cultural Solidarity

I. Concepts affecting cultural solidarity (Racquel Leongson)

Culture solidarity is best expressed in the spirit of intellectual trust, empathy, respect and understanding in plural societies where different cultures learn to live together in peace.

A. Culture
Every human society has its own particular culture ad that only man has a culture Two ways of looking culture: Ethnocentrism
Is the practice of judging another culture using the standards of ones own culture.

Xenocentrism
Is the idea that what is foreign is best and that ones lifestyles, products or ideas are inferior to that of others.

B. Cultural Relativism (Jesse Ganzon)

Judging culture by own standards Comparative approach understanding and appreciation of culture Culture shock - impact you may feel when you enter a culture very different from one to which you are accustomed

 Situational ethics Elements of situation ethics 1. Moral judgments are decisions, not conclusions Decisions ought to be made situationally, not prescriptively We should seek the well-being of people, rather than love principles. 2. Only one thing is intrinsically good, namely, love: nothing else Love, in this context, means desiring and acting to promote the well being of people Nothing is inherently good or evil, except love (personal concern) and its opposite, indifference or actual malice The ultimate norm of Christian decisions is love: nothing else 3. Love and justice are the same, for justice is love distributed Love and justice both require acts of will Love and justice are not properties of actions, they are things that people either do or don't do Love and justice are essentially the same
http://www.bbc.co.uk/ethics/introduction/situation_1.shtml

C. Racial Ethinicity
Ethnicity is about the learned cultural behaviors celebrated throughout regions around the world. Ethnicity can be altered or mimicked through choice and beliefs. Race is an indication of the heritage with which you were born, regardless of location or learned behavior. Race cannot be altered.
http://www.differencebetween.net/science/nature/difference-between-ethnicity-and-race/

C. Racial Ethinicity
Ethnic Strifes escalates to full-fledged war Effects of ethnicity:
Divides humanity, fuels anger and provokes animosity Sets human being apart of cultural color and heritage Establishes racial or ethnic minority category of people Share distinctive identity and subordinated

D. Prejudice (Venus Francisco)

Monty Python-Prejudice Prejudice..flv

Background of Movie
Monty Python were a British surreal comedy group that created Monty Python's Flying Circus, a British television comedy sketch show that first aired on the BBC on 5 October 1969. Forty-five episodes were made over four series.

Prejudice is
rigid and irrational generalization about the entire category of people directed towards individual or particular social class, sex, secual orientation, political, age affiliation, race or ethnicity. can be positive or negative

Other definitions of prejudice

Merriam-Webster Dictionary
preconceived judgment or opinion : an adverse opinion or leaning formed without just grounds or before sufficient knowledge

 Origin: Latin praejudicium prae = 'in advance' judicium = 'judgement' praejudicium preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience Pronunciation: /prdds/

Types of Prejudice
1. Scapegoat Theory
Prejudice springs from frustration Scapegoat is a person with little power who is unfairly blamed for the trouble of others. Minorities are safe targets.

Description
When problems occur, people do not like to blame themselves.They will thus actively seek scapegoats onto whom we can displace our aggression. These may be out-group individuals or even entire groups. Like bullies, we will often pick on powerless people who cannot easily resist. Scapegoating increases when people are frustrated and seeking an outlet for their anger. Once cast as a scapegoat it can be difficult to shake off the classification.

http://changingminds.org/explanations/theories/scapegoat_theory.htm

Examples
British People attribute the nation's trouble to the presence of Indian and Pakistan Nationals Jews had been the scapegoat for many people and groups up until the holocaust of World War II. In some communities they are still are used as scapegoats.

http://changingminds.org/explanations/theories/scapegoat_theory.htm

2. Authoritarian Personality Theory

states that extreme prejudice forms a personality trait A person who is intolerant of one minority is usually intolerant to all rigidly conformed to conventional cultural value, envisioning moral issue or clear cut right matters of right and wrong and advocating strong ethnocentric views. Example: The Spaniards considers the laziness of Filipinos as hereditary to their race

 Research by Adorno et al. (1950)

proposed that prejudice is the results of an individuals personality type.

They piloted and developed a questionnaire, which they called the F-scale (F for fascism). Adorno argued that deepseated personality traits predisposed some individuals to be highly sensitive to totalitarian and antidemocratic ideas and therefore were prone to be highly prejudicial.

See more at: http://www.simplypsychology.org/authoritarian-personality.html#sthash.Fp22Cgx5.dpuf

The evidence they gave to support this conclusion included: Case studies, e.g. Nazis, Psychometric testing (use of the F-scale) Clinical interviews revealed situational aspects of their childhood, such as the fact that they had been brought up by very strict parents or guardians, which were found of participants who scored highly on the F-scale not always found in the backgrounds of low scorers.

Those with an authoritarian personality are: 1. Hostile to those who are of inferior status, but obedient of people with high status 2. Fairly rigid in their opinions and beliefs 3. Conventional, upholding traditional values Adorno concluded that people with authoritarian personalities where likely to categories people into us and them groups, seeing their own group as superior.

See more at: http://www.simplypsychology.org/authoritarian-personality.html#sthash.Fp22Cgx5.dpuf

According to Adorno's theory, the elements of the Authoritarian personality type are: Blind allegiance to conventional beliefs about right and wrong Respect for submission to acknowledged authority Belief in aggression toward those who do not subscribe to conventional thinking, or who are different A negative view of people in general - i.e. the belief that people would all lie, cheat or steal if given the opportunity

A belief in simple answers and polemics - i.e. The

media controls us all or The source of all our problems is the loss of morals these days. Resistance to creative, dangerous ideas. A black and white worldview. A tendency to project one's own feelings of inadequacy, rage and fear onto a scapegoated group A need for strong leadership which displays uncompromising power A preoccupation with violence and sex

To measure these things in subjects, Adorno devised a test that asked

Q. The businessman and the manufacturer are more important to our country than artists and writers. (Distrust of artists and writers) Q. Every person should have complete faith in a supernatural being whose decisions he obeys without question. (Submission to established authority) Q. An insult to our honor should always be punished. (aggression toward those who harbor unconventional thinking)

3. Cultural Theory
certain measure of prejudice is embedded in cultural values feeling of social superiority of people towards their values Example: For the whiteman, he always tells the truth and the black man lies Orientalism by Edward Said

4. Conflict Theory uses the ideology of prejudice to justify oppression of minority Example Spanish Immigrants in the US are considered denigrates to justify their low wages pogrom and holocaust

5. Stereotypes prejudices concerning some category of people Example The poor are considered lazy and irresponsible The black americans lack motivations to improve their lives

 Saying that all African Americans are good at sports is a stereotype, because its grouping the race together to indicate that everyone of that race is a good athlete.

http://examples.yourdictionary.com/stereotype-examples.html

Stereotypes of men and women

Men are strong and do all the work. Men are the backbone. Women aren't as smart as a man. Women cant do as good of a job as a man. Girls are not good at sports. Guys are messy and unclean. Men who spend too much time on the computer or read are geeks.

http://examples.yourdictionary.com/stereotype-examples.html

Stereotypes about cultures an countries as a whole

Mexican's are lazy and came into America illegally. All Arabs and Muslims are terrorists. Italian or French people are the best lovers. All African Americans outside of the United States are poor. All Jews are greedy. All Asians are good at math. All Asians like to eat rice and drive slow. All Irish people are drunks and eat potatoes. All Americans are generally considered to be friendly, generous, and tolerant, but also arrogant, impatient, and domineering

http://examples.yourdictionary.com/stereotype-examples.html

Stereotype of grouping of individuals

Goths wear black clothes, black makeup, are depressed and hated by society. Punks wear mohawks, spikes, chains, are a menace to society and are always getting in trouble. All politicians are philanders and think only of personal gain and benefit. Girls are only concerned about physical appearance. All blonds are unintelligent. All librarians are women who are old, wear glasses, tie a high bun, and have a perpetual frown on their face. All teenagers are rebels. All children don't enjoy healthy food. Only anorexic women can become models.

http://examples.yourdictionary.com/stereotype-examples.html

Sexual Stereotypes
Sexual stereotypes, on the other hand, suggest that any feminine man is gay and any masculine woman is a lesbian.

Documentary on Prejudice.flv

http://examples.yourdictionary.com/stereotype-examples.html

E. Racism (Kathleen Mariano)

One racial category is superior or inferior to the other. Central to Nazism in Germany It has two kinds:
1. Individual 2. Institutional

Individual Racism
happens within the individual or small group. Example:
Relationship of white American to black American

Institutional Racism
Occurs within the institutions such as schools, hospitals, police work and work place. Example:
A black American named Rodney King was beaten by the police officer in LA

F. Discrimination
Distinguish others by exposing their differences Treating people unequally Prejudice is having a pre-judgement Prejudice refers to attitude while Discrimination refers to actions. Example
The Aetas were discriminated by the lowlanders by means of beating them or making fun of them.

G. Patterns of Majority and Minority Interaction (Nicole Galang)

Pluralism
A state of which social and ethnic minorities are distinct but have social parity
Ex. Chinatowns, Little India etc

US far from being pluralistic, most people appreciate their cultural heritage, only a small proportion wants their race to set them apart. There exists tolerance of social diversity but it has limits Ex. People living in poor areas are being discriminated because of poverty Successful pluralism is found in Switzerland- 6 million people consisting of Germans, French, Italians etc recognize and appreciate their own language and culture

G. Patterns of Majority and Minority Interaction

Segregation Physical and social separation characterized residential neighborhood, schools, workplace, hospitals and even cemeteries. Kind of pluralism without advantage
Ex. Segregation enforces separation to the detriment of the minority as Africas system of apartheid

Racial segregation is rigid and persuasive Created by the European Minority, it favors and enforces the use of brutal force. Before its abolition between 1950-60, US racial segregation was very evident
Ex. Every public accommodations, hotels, restaurants, parks, buses, drinking fountains, comfort rooms enforced segregation

G. Patterns of Majority and Minority Interaction

Genocide A systematic annihilation of one category of people by another. Brutal from of racism
Ex. During the Nazi regime, sux million Jews were exterminated. Betwee 1976-1980, communist regime in Cambodia killed and slaughtered anyone thought to represent capitalist cultural influence. In the killing filled, two million perished

G. Patterns of Majority and Minority Interaction

Assimilation
The process by which minorities gradually adopt patterns and traits of the dominant culture. Involves changes in ethnicity but not the race The Japanese still retain their race identity

II. Philippine Setting (Mariel Gatpolintan)

 Geographically, located in ASIA. To be exact in SOUTHEAST ASIA.

Blend of East and West. (We are colonized by Spaniards and Americans for 333 and 48 years respectively)
One historian claimed that the Filipinos have been held for 300 years by the convent, 50 years by Hollywood and 3 years by Kempeitai

Racial Stock
Negritos- 10% Indonesian- 30% Malay-40% Chinese-10% India-8% European-American-3% Arab-2%

Philippines as a unique nation

Religion
Predominantly Christian Catholic 82.9% (Roman Catholic 80.9%, Aglipayan 2%), Muslim 5%, Evangelical 2.8% Iglesia ni Kristo 2.3% other Christian 4.5% other 1.8% unspecified 0.6% none 0.1% (2000 census)
Christianity was introduced as early as the 16th century with the coming of Ferdinand Magellan in 1521.

Political History -Philippines (first nation to achieve independence by revolution) June 12, 1898-Date of Independence (Cavite II el Viejo (now Kawit), Cavite, Philippines.) Benigno Noynoy Aquino Jr. 15th President of the Philippine Republic

 Our culture is a combination of Asian, Europeans, Latin and American. Filipinos are known to easily adjust to the culture presented to them. As Filipinos, we should be proud of our own culture and respect others culture as well.

III. Peace Education ad Cultural Solidarity (John Christopher Lapiz)

Education for cultural solidarity is the integration of conflict resolution skills and values in the curriculum Objective: To build peaceful relationships among various Filipino culture especially the ethnic conflict in Mindanao

 Filipino education for cultural solidarity must remind politically influential or majority groups to re-examine their biases and stereotypes of disadvantaged or oppressed communities. Non-violent strategies for change

People can only live fully by helping others to live. When you give life to friends you truly live. Cultures can only realize their further richness by honoring other traditions. And only by respecting natural life can humanity continue to exist. - Daisaku Ikeda, Japanese Peace Activist

Ganzon, Jesse Nicole Francisco, Venus Ara Galang, Nicole Ashley Gatpolintan, Mariel T. Lapiz, John Christopher Leongson, Racquel Mariano, Kathleen Mae