The Human Brain: Anatomy, Functions,

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Brain Anatomy Brain Functions Injury Mechanisms

Skull Anatomy
The skull is a rounded layer of bone designed to protect the brain from penetrating injuries.

Blood Vessels of the Skull

Rough Interior of Skull

Interior Skull Surface

The base of the skull is rough, with many bony protuberances.

These ridges can result in injury to the temporal lobe of the brain during rapid acceleration.

Injury from contact with skull

Blood Vessels of the Skull

The brain requires a rich blood supply, and the space between the skull and cerebrum contains many blood vessels. These blood vessels can be ruptured during trauma, resulting in bleeding.

Groove for middle meningeal artery

Arteries of the Brain

The human brain requires a constant supply of oxygen. A lack of oxygen of just a few minutes results in irreversible damage to the brain.

The Neuron
Dendrit : menerima pesan dari luar Axon : meneruskan pesan keluar. Synapse: hubungan axon dengan dendrit

Tempat synapse disebut ganglion.

The Meninges
Meninges membranes surrounding CNS protect CNS three layers dura mater outer, tough arachnoid mater - weblike pia mater inner, delicate

The meninges are layers of tissue that separate the skull and the brain.

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The Brain/Enchepalon

4 Parts
Cerebrum Diencephalon Brain Stem
Pons Medulla Midbrain

Cerebellum

Gray matter surrounded by White matter

pg 348

The Cerebrum
Terdiri dari 2 hemisphere yang dipisahkan falx cerebri. Mengisi hampir seluruh cavum cranii diatas tenrorium cerebelli. Pada permukaannnya terdapat sulcus dan gyrus. Permukaan terdiri dari gyrus dan sulcus

The largest portion of the brain is the cerebrum. It consists of two hemispheres that are connected together at the corpus callosum. The cerebrum is often divided into five lobes that are responsible for different brain functions.

The Neocortex
Cerebral Cortex thin layer of gray matter that constitutes the outermost portion of cerebrum; contains 75% of all neurons in nervous system
Primary Motor Areas frontal lobes control voluntary muscles Brocas Area anterior to primary motor cortex usually in one hemisphere controls muscles needed for speech

Frontal Eye Field

above Brocas area controls voluntary movements of eyes and eyelids 11-22 11-23

Lobes of the Cerebrum

Frontal Lobe

Limbic Lobe

Parietal Lobe

Occipital Lobe Temporal Lobe

Frontal Lobe
The frontal lobe is the area of the brain responsible for higher cognitive functions. These include: Problem solving Spontaneity Memory Language Motivation Judgment Impulse control Social and sexual behavior.

Temporal Lobe
The temporal lobe plays a role in emotions, and is also responsible for smelling, tasting, perception, memory, understanding music, aggressiveness, and sexual behavior. The temporal lobe also contains the language area of the brain.

Auditory Area

Parietal Lobe
The parietal lobe plays a role in our sensations of touch, smell, and taste. It also processes sensory and spatial awareness, and is a key component in eye-hand co-ordination and arm movement.

Cutaneous Sensory Area

The parietal lobe also contains a specialized area called Wernickes area that is responsible for matching written words with the sound of spoken speech.

Occipital Lobe
The occipital lobe is at the rear of the brain and controls vision and recognition.

Visual Area

Limbic Lobe
The limbic lobe is located deep in the brain, and makes up the limbic system.

Adalah kumpulan sejumlah nucleus dan tractus diantara cerebrum dan diencephalonl System ini lebih merupakan kumpulan fungsional daripada kumpulan anatomis. Fungsi: Mengendalikan dorongan emosi dan perilaku. Menghubungkan fungsi kesadaran dan intelektual cortex dengan bagian bawah sadar dan pusat otonom Mengatur penyimpanan memory.

The Limbic System

A. B. C.

D. E. F.

Cingulate gyrus Fornix Anterior thalamic nuclei Hypothalamus Amygdaloid nucleus Hippocampus

The limbic system is the area of the brain that regulates emotion and memory. It directly connects the lower and higher brain functions.

Cerebellum
inferior to occipital lobes posterior to pons and medulla oblongata two hemispheres vermis connects hemispheres cerebellar cortex gray matter arbor vitae white matter cerebellar peduncles nerve fiber tracts dentate nucleus largest nucleus in cerebellum integrates sensory information concerning position of body parts coordinates skeletal muscle activity maintains posture

The cerebellum is connected to the brainstem, and is the center for body movement and balance.

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Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus sits under the thalamus at the top of the brainstem. Although the hypothalamus is small, it controls many critical bodily functions: Controls autonomic nervous system Center for emotional response and behavior

Regulates body temperature

Regulates food intake Regulates water balance and thirst Controls sleep-wake cycles Controls endocrine system The hypothalamus is shaded blue. The pituitary gland extends from the hypothalamus.

The Medulla Oblongata

The medulla oblongata merges seamlessly with the spinal cord and creates the base of the brainstem. The medulla is primarily a control center for vital involuntary reflexes such as swallowing, vomiting, sneezing, coughing, and regulation of cardiovascular and respiratory activity. The medulla is also the origin of many cranial nerves.

Bagian paling caudal dari brain stem. Menghubungkan brainstem dengan medulla spinalis. Tempat nucleus yang mengatur fungsi autonom ( heart rate, tekanan darah aktivitas saluran cerna.)

The Pons
The pons is the rounded brainstem region between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata. In fact, pons means bridge in Latin. The main function of the pons is to connect the cerebellum to the rest of the brain and to modify the respiratory output of the medulla. The pons is the origin of several cranial nerves.

The Ventricles
The ventricles are a complex series of spaces and tunnels through the center of the brain. The ventricles secrete cerebrospinal fluid, which suspends the brain in the skull. The ventricles also provide a route for chemical messengers that are widely distributed through the central nervous system.

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Cerebrospinal Fluid
Cerebrospinal fluid is a colorless liquid that bathes the brain and spine. It is formed within the ventricles of the brain, and it circulates throughout the central nervous system. Cerebrospinal fluid fills the ventricles and meninges, allowing the brain to float within the skull.

The Brainstem
The brainstem is the most primitive part of the brain and controls the basic functions of life: breathing, heart rate, swallowing, reflexes to sight or sound, sweating, blood pressure, sleep, and balance.

The brainstem can be divided into three major sections.

Detailed brainstem anatomy.

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Brainstem Components

Front

More Information: Medulla Thalamus Pons

Rear

The Cranial Nerves

I. II. III. IV. V. VI. VII. VIII. IX. X. XI. XII. Olfactory nerve Optic nerve Oculomotor nerve Trochlear nerve Trigeminal nerve Abducens nerve Facial nerve Vestibulocochlear nerve Glossopharyngeal nerve Vagus nerve Accessory nerve Hypoglossal nerve

NERVUS CRANIALIS

The Cranial Nerves & PNS Terminology

Ganglia neuron cell bodies Peripheral nerves neuronal axons PNS neuroglia
Satellite cells
Enclose neuron cell bodies in ganglia

Schwann cells
Cover peripheral axons

Neural Communication
Biological Psychology
branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior some biological psychologists call themselves behavioral neuroscientists, neuropsychologists, behavior geneticists, physiological psychologists, or biopsychologists

Neuron
a nerve cell the basic building block of the nervous system

Neural Communication
Dendrite
the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body

Axon
the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages are sent to other neurons or to muscles or glands

Myelin Sheath
a layer of fatty cells segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons enables vastly greater transmission speed of neutral impulses

Neural Communication

Neural Communication
Synapse [SIN-aps]
junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or cleft

Neurotransmitters
chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons when released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether it will generate a neural impulse

Neural Communication

Neural Communication

Components of the Nervous System

Central Nervous System brain, spinal cord Peripheral NS Sensory - input afferent (approach) Motor - output efferent (exit)

Figure 11.1

Differences between Somatic and Autonomic NS

Sympathetic fight-orflight E division = exercise, excitement, emergency, and embarrassment

Parasympathetic housekeeping activites Conserves energy necessary body functions D division - digestion, defecation, and diuresis

Autonomic Nervous System

Figure 7.25

Nervous System Organization

 By development

Classification of Where information is processed Reflexes Spinal, cranial

Innate, acquired Somatic, visceral

Motor response Complexity of neural circuit

Monosynaptic

Reflex arc Neural wiring of reflex Requires 5 functional components: 1. sensory receptor, 2. sensory neuron, 3. integrating center (SC or BS), 4. motor neuron, & 5. effector

Design of the Nervous System

Organ
Pupil Cor Bronchus Pemb. darah Kelenjar M. Erector pili

Sympathis
Dilatasi/Midriasis Tachycardia Bronchodilatasi Vasokonstriksi Hipersekresi Kontr bulu roma

Parasympathis
Konstriksi/Miosis Bradycardia Bronchokonstriksi Vasodilatasi Hiposekresi Relaksasi

Dinding usus

Relaks peristaltik < Kontr.sphincter defekasi Relaks.detrusor / kontraksi sphincter Mictie -

Konst peristaltik > Rel.sphincter defekasi +

Kontr. Detrusor / relaksasi sphincter mictie +

Vesica urinaria Genital

Vasokonst c.cavernosus -- Vasodil c.cavern ++ vena terbuka Ereksi vena tertutup Ereksi +

Benarkah Neil Amstrong adalah manusia pertama yang menginjakkan kakinya di bulan dengan selamet ? Baru Baru ini telah terungkap fakta yang mengejutkan tentang keaslian foto di NASA Inilah bukti barunya ....

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