Voice over Internet

Protocol
Presenter: Devesh Patidar

August 2, 2009
 Introduction
• What is Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP)?
• The two-way transmission of audio over a
packet-switched IP network.
• When used in a private intranet or WAN, it is
generally known as 'voice over IP,' or 'VoIP.'
• When the transport is the public Internet or the
Internet backbone from a major carrier, it is
generally called 'Internet telephony’.
 Introduction
• Voice Over Internet Protocol (VoIP)
– History
– Implementation
– Service Types
– Benefits
– Drawbacks
– Current and Projected Use
 History of VoIP
• Network Voice Protocol
– Created in 1973 by Danny Cohen at USC
– Project Goals
• Wanted to create digital high-quality, low-bandwidth,
secure voice handling capability
– Control Protocol
– Data Transport Protocol
 Circuit Switching
• Current Phone Systems
• Dedicated line with a constant connection
• Originally very expensive
• Each call transmits at 64 kilobits per second
– 64 kbps x 2 directions = 128 kbps
– 128 kbps = 16 kilobytes per second
– During a 10 minute call, about 10 MB
– Highly inefficient
 Circuit Switching
• Example: Circuit Switching
 Packet Switching
• VoIP Phone Systems
• Connection only long enough to send a
packet of information
• Thousands of possible paths for packet to go
• Network uses cheapest and least congested
paths
• Quality of Service (QoS)
• A 10 minute call transfers only about 2 MB
 Packet Switching
• Example: Packet Switching
 Quality of Service (QoS)
• Defined in the International
Telecommunication Union standard X.902
• A set of quality requirements on the
collective behavior of one or more objects.
• Control mechanisms to provide different
priorities to different users or data flows
• Important for real-time streaming
applications
 VoIP Implementation
• Sender picks up the phone
• Analog telephone adapter (ATA)
– Data converted by a codec
• Soft Switch
• Receiver picks up ringing phone
• Data transfer during calls is handled by
current internet infrastructure
Analog Telephone Adapter (ATA)
• Converts audio between analog and digital
signals
• Need one on each end of the call
• Sends signal to handle connect and
disconnect
 Codecs
• Coder-decoder or codecs
• Conversion from analog audio signal to
digital signal
• Most common codec is the G.729A
– sampling rate of 8,000 times per second
• Conjugate-structure Algebraic-code-excited
Linear Prediction algorithm (CS-ACELP)
• Responsible for the large gap in performance
 Soft Switches
• Database mapping program
• Endpoint-to-Endpoint
– Location
– Phone Number
– IP address
• Allows phones, computers, and WiFi phones
to work together
 Industry Protocol Standards
• H.323 Protocol Suite

• Main flaw – not designed for VoIP

 Industry Protocol Standards
• Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)
– Smaller, more efficient
– Designed specifically for VoIP
• Handles
– User location
– User capabilities
– User availability
– Call setup
– Call handling
 VoIP Service Types
• Home Phones
– Requires an ATA
– Usually provided for free
• IP Phones
– ATA technology built in
– Ethernet Phones
– WiFi Phones
• Computer-to-Computer calls
 Computer-to-Computer VoIP
• Simplest and cheapest way to use VoIP
• Requires
– Microphone
– Speaker
– Sound card
– Broadband internet
• Costs: Software and ISP service
• Calls: Free
• Example: Skype Download Service
 Benefits
• Uses technology already in common use
• Cost
• Bundled Services
– Caller ID
– Voice Mail
– Call Waiting
– Call Forwarding
– Many Others
• Long Distance and International Rates
 Benefits

Cost of Calls Made from US to Foreign Countries

 Drawbacks
• 911 Emergency Calls
• Dependence on Wall Power
• Latency issues, jitter, and packet loss
• Viruses, worms, and hackers
• Integration with land-line dependant
hardware
– DVRs, digital television service, and home
security systems
 Drawbacks
• Security
• Problems sending faxes
• Dependence on Internet Service Providers
• Requirement of broadband connectivity
• WiFi hotspot dependence
 Current and Projected Use
• Roughly 6 million in US in 2006
• Expected to climb to 24 million by the end of
2008
• Increase in service providers
– Traditional phone companies
• At&T, Sprint, Nextel, Time Warner, Reliance info.
– VoIP companies
• Skype, Vonage, VoIP Inc.
 Conclusion
• VoIP will be a dominate force in the 21st
century
• Probably at least another 10 years before
possibly replacing current phone systems
• If the current flaws are fixed sooner rather
than later, it could be much sooner than a
decade
Thank you