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Learning Objectives
At the end of this chapter student should be able to:
Define the term Metrology as applied to engineering industry and state its significance in modern industries;
Measuring Length
Measuring Length
Indirectly
Using Trigonometry
Pythagorean relationships
Law of cosines
a2+b2=c2 a=c sin a
b=c cos a
a2= b2 + c2 2bc(cos a) b2= a2 + c2 2ac(cos b) a=b tan a
c2= a2 + b2 2ab(cos q)
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1795 Provisional meter bar constructed in brass. 1799 Definitive prototype meter bars constructed in platinum. 1889 1906 International prototype meter bar in platinum-iridium, cross-section X.
1 000, 000 / 0.643 846 96 wavelengths in air of the red line of the cadmium spectrum.
1 650 763.73 wavelengths in vacuum of the radiation 1960 corresponding to the transition between levels 2p10 and 5d5 of the krypton 86 atom.
1983
Standard lengths on the wall of the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, London 1 yard (3 feet), 2 feet, 1 foot, 6 inches (1/2 foot), and 3 inches. The separation of the inside faces of the markers is exact at an ambient temperature of 60 F (16 C) and a rod of the correct measure, resting on the pins, will fit snugly between them.
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Airy points
Airy Points are used for precision measurement (metrology) to support a length standard in such a way as to minimize bending or droop. The points are symmetrically arranged around the centre of the length standard and are separated by a distance equal to 5/9ths of the total length of the measuring device. Airy points are normally identified by inscribed marks or lines. For example, a 450 mm length gauge would have an Airy point separation of 450 mm times 5/9 = 250 mm. A line or pair of lines would be marked onto the gauge 100 mm in from each end. Supporting the artifact at these points ensures that the calibrated length is preserved. If the length gauge is not supported at the Airy points, the measurement uncertainty is increased.
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Airy points
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Gauge Block
The length of the gauge block is defined at standard reference conditions: temperature = 20 C (68 F ) barometric pressure = 101,325 Pa (1 atmosphere) water vapor pressure = 1,333 Pa (10 mm of mercury) CO2 content of air = 0.03%.
Of these conditions only the temperature has a measurable effect on the physical length of the block. The other conditions are needed because the primary measurement of gauge block length is a comparison with the wavelength of light; For standard light sources the frequency of the light is constant, but the wavelength is dependent on the temperature, pressure, humidity, and CO2 content of the air.
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The length of a gauge block is defined as the perpendicular distance from a gauging point on one end of the block to an auxiliary true plane wrung to the other end of the block.
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The ASME standard defines the following properties in the Gauge Block standards for gauges up to 500 mm long:
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II I 0 00
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Measuring instruments
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Ruler / Tape
Least Precise
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Calipers
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Readline
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Measuring depths
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Micrometer
A micrometer , sometimes known as a micrometer screw gauge, is a device used widely in mechanical engineering and machining as well as most mechanical trades for precision measurement, along with other metrological instruments such as dial calipers and vernier calipers. Micrometers are often, but not always, in the form of calipers.
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Micrometer
Most accurate
Accuracy up to 0.005 mm
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Parts of a Micrometer
spindlesleeve
thimble
anvil
frame
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Micrometer
Reading Line
Resolution is 0.001
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Reading B
2 x 0.1000 = 0.2000 2 x 0.0250 = 0.0500 Final Reading = 0.2500
Reading C
2 x 0.1000 = 0.2000 2 x 0.0250 = 0.0500 7 x 0.0001 = 0.0007 Final Reading = 0.2507
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Reading A
2 x 0.1000 = 0.2000 3 x 0.0250 = 0.0750 24 x 0.0010 = 0.0240 1 x 0.0001 = 0.0001 Final Reading = 0.2991
Reading B
x 0.1000 = 0.3000 x 0.0250 = 0.0000 x 0.0010 = 0.0000 x 0.0001 = 0.0001 Final Reading = 0.3001
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3 0 0 1
Serves the same purposes as conventional Calipers and micrometers; Easier to read due to digital read-out;
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Micrometer stand
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Degree Protractor
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Feeler Gauge
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Radius Gauge
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Depth gauge
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Centre Gauge
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Steel Squares
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V Blocks - Quadruple
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V-Blocks
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Bore Gauge
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Sine Bars
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