Prof Ir Dr. Ab Saman b.

Abd Kader, PEng, MIEM, MCIT Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, UTM

 A steam turbine is a mechanical device that extracts thermal energy from pressurized steam, and converts it into rotary motion. It has almost completely replaced the reciprocating piston steam engine primarily because of its greater thermal efficiency and higher power-to-weight ratio.

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Because the turbine generates rotary motion, it is particularly suited to be used to drive an electrical generator about 80% of all electricity generation in the world is by use of steam turbines. The steam turbine is a form of heat engine that derives much of its improvement in thermodynamic efficiency through the use of multiple stages in the expansion of the steam, which results in a closer approach to the ideal reversible process.

 2 main type of turbine : IMPULSE REACTION

 The impluse arrangement is made up of a ring of nozzles followed by a ring of blades.

Due to this higher ratio of expansion of steam in the nozzle the steam leaves the nozzle with a very high velocity. This jet of steam is directed into the impulse blades and leaves in a different direction (Figure 1.0). There is only a very small end thrust on the turbine shaft.

FIGURE 1.0 : IMPULSE BLADING

 The reaction arrangement is made up of a ring of fixed blades attached to the casing. A row of similar blades mounted on the rotor, i.e. moving blades (Figure 1.2)

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FIGURE 1.2 : REACTION BLADING

 The blades are mounted and shaped to produce a narrowing passage.

A change in velocity of the steam as a result of a change in direction and an impulsive force is also produced with this type of blading.
The more correct term for this blade arrangement is impulse-reaction.

 PARSONS - a reaction turbine where steam expansion takes place in the fixed and moving blades. CURTIS an impulse turbine with more than one row of blades to each row of nozzles. De Laval a high-speed impulse turbine which has only one row of nozzles and one row of blades.

Rateau an impulse turbine with several stages, each stage being a row of nozzles and a row of blades.

 The construction of an impulse turbine is shown in Figure 1.3.

FIGURE 1.3 : IMPULSE TURBINE

1. ROTOR
acts as the shaft which transmits the mechanical power produced to the propeller shaft via the gearing. When the turbine rotor is rotating at high speed the blades will be subjected to considerable centrifugal force and variations in steam velocity across the blades will result in blade vibration.

2. BLADES

 provides the various low-pressure steam supplies and extraction arrangements for all the glands in the turbine unit (Figure 1.4).

FIGURE 1.4 : GLAND STEAM SEALING SYSTEM

 Only impulse turbine have diaphragms.

Diaphragms are circular plates made up of two semi-circular halves.

Fits between the rotor wheels and is fastened into the casing. The nozzles are housed in the diaphragm around its periphery. The central hole in the diaphragm is arranged with projections to produce a labyrinth gland.

 Serve to convert the high pressure and high energy of the steam into a high-velocity jet of steam with a reduced pressure and energy content. The steam inlet nozzles are arranged in several groups with all but the main group having control valves. In this way the power produced by the turbine can be varied. Both impulse and reaction turbines have steam inlet nozzles.

 Serves two functions in a steam turbine :

1. 2. It provides an oil film It removes heat generated in the bearings

FIGURE 1.5 : LUBRICATING OIL SYSTEM

 The valves which admit steam to the ahead or astern turbines are known as manoeuvering valves 3 valves - the ahead, the astern and the guarding or guardian valve.

Operation of the ahead manoeuvring valve will admit steam to the main nozzle box.
Operation of the asterm manoeuvring valve will admit steam to the guardian valve. Steam is then admitted to the astern turbines.

 Is provided with all installations to prevent damage resulting from an internal turbine fault.

Arrangements are made in the system to shut the turbine down using an emergency stop and solenoid valve. Operation of this device cuts off the hydraulic oil supply to the manoeuvring valve and thus shuts off steam to the turbine.

 This main trip relay is operated by a number of main fault conditions which are :
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Low lubricating oil pressure. Overspeed. Low condenser vacuum. Emergency stop. High condensate level in condenser. High or low boiler water level.

1. Warming-through a steam turbine 2. Manoeuvring 3. Emergency astern operation 4. Full away 5. Port arrival

Thank you.