PERCEPTION & COORDINATION

BY: APPLE G. ALVAREZ, RN,MN Ateneo De Davao University

POLICIES
1. Attendance will be checked 8:00 AM 8:00 -11:00 AM , 1:00PM 1:00 -4:00PM 2. Quiz will be administered after attendance is check. 3. 15 minutes late considered absent! 4. Doors will be closed after 15 MINUTES. 5. Nobody is allowed to talk / chat once the class has already started. . If someone is caught - - - he/she will be asked to explain the concept in the class. 6. Anyone caught CHEATING will be reprimanded right away and will automatically get a zero grade in his/her quiz. 7. No loud voices during group activities . A deduction of 10 points will be the consequence. THANK YOU!

INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY 1 June 14, 2012 15 POINTS

Brain Resume
Pretend your brain was going on an interview for a particular job. Why would your brain be best for the position? What parts of your brain are best for the job? Develop a resume (a summary of qualifications, experience and education) for your brain. You may want to pick an occupation. For example, why is your brain best suited for a teacher? Why is your brain best suited for a basketball player?

WHAT KEEPS US FROM MOVING?

WHAT MAKES US INTERPRET SENSATIONS?

WHAT IS PERCEPTION & COORDINATION?

PERCEPTION
mental process by which the . brain selects, organizes and interprets these sensations

COORDINATION movement of parts together: the skillful and balanced movement of different parts, especially parts of the body, at the same time

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this session, the students shall:

1. Enumerate the main divisions of the nervous system with its corresponding functions. Recall the appropriate diagnostic exam given the disorder State the nursing responsibilities for a particular diagnostic exam.

2.

3.

PART 1

Anatomy and Physiology of the NERVOUS SYSTEM

NERVOUS SYSTEM
Seat of all mental activity
1.Consciousness 2.Memory 3.Thinking.

One of the bodys major regulatory and coordinating systems

2 MAIN STEMS

Central Nervous System Brain Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System Nerves and Wirings

A. CEREBRUM
Largest Most prominent part of the brain Right hemisphere Left hemisphere

SENSORY & MOTOR FUNCTION

THOUGHT & LEARNING

B. CEREBRAL CORTEX

Outer gray layer

Responsible for the conscious activities of the cerebrum Four (4) lobes 1. Frontal lobe

2. Parietal lobe
3. Temporal lobe 4. Occipital lobe

1.FRONTAL LOBE

Broca's area of speech Prefrontal lobe: morals, emotions, & judgment

2.PARIETAL LOBE

Interpretation of pain, touch, temperature & pressure

3.TEMPORAL LOBE

Auditory center Wernickes area for sensory & speech

Language development

4.OCCIPITAL LOBE

Visual area

SUMMARY

C. BASAL GANGLIA
Set /clusters of neural structures Interconnected Buried deep inside the cerebrum

Main basal ganglia are : Caudate nucleus Putamen Globus Pallidus

smooth voluntary movements

PARKINSONS DISEASE

D. DIENCEPHALON
Located around the third ventricle

Thalamus Hypothalamus

SEVERAL FUNCTIONS OF DIENCEPHALON

Directing Sense Impulses Throughout the Body

Autonomic Function Control Endocrine Function Control Motor Function Control Homeostasis Hearing, Vision, Smell, and Taste Touch Perception

THALAMUS

Sensory integration and motor integration Receives sensory information Relays it to the cerebral cortex Transmits this information to other parts of the brain and the brain stem.

HYPOTHALAMUS

Controls body temperature, emotions, hunger, thirst, appetite, digestion and sleep Located at the base of the brain Size of a pea

E. BRAINSTEM
1. Medulla oblongata 2. Pons 3. Midbrain

ANOTHER PICTURE: BRAIN STEM

1.MEDULLA OBLONGATA

Most vital part of the brain necessary for HUMAN LIFE Breathing Blood pressure Heart beat among other involuntary body functions not under conscious control

2.PONS

Relay station - - from cerebrum to cerebellum Respiratory center Regulates breathing Regulates sleep

3.MIDBRAIN

Receives incoming sensory messages, integrates them, and transmits decisions to the appropriate motor nerves Responsible for motor coordination Contains the visual reflex & auditory relay centers

F. CEREBELLUM
Second largest division of the brain Runs uninterrupted with the spinal cord

Coordinates smooth muscle movement

Coordinates posture, equilibrium, and muscle tone

G. SPINAL CORD

Protected by:
Meninges Cerebrospinal fluid Adipose tissue

LEVELS OF INJURY

Provides neuron and synapse networks to produce involuntary response to sensory stimulation

Allows for control of the number of pain impulses that pass through the spinal cord in their way to the brain.

Carries sensory information to & motor information from the brain

Extends from the first cervical to second lumbar vertebra

Protected by meninges, cerebrospinal fluid and adipose tissue

31 segments:
8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal

DEGENERATION

DISCS

H. MENINGES
(3) three membranes covering the brain and spinal cord Dura mater Arachnoid Pia mater

To protect the brain and spinal cord Provide structural support to large blood vessels that supply the CNS Physically anchor the brain to the skull

MENINGES

DURA MATER

Is tough and fibrous membrane

ARACHNOID MEMBRANE

Delicate membrane and contains subarachnoid fluid Thin layer resembling a cobweb with numerous threadlike strands attaching it to the innermost layer

PIA MATER

Vascular membrane Delicate membrane is tightly bound to the surface of the brain and spinal cord Cannot be dissected away without damaging the surface.

Subarachnoid space
Between arachnoid membrane and the Pia mater Cerebral fluid flows through this space

I . CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
Secreted in the ventricles Circulates through the ventricles

Arachnoid layer of the meninges

where it is reabsorbed

ABNORMALITY- CSF

CEROSPINAL FLUID . . . Circulates in the subarachnoid space Acts as a protective cushion

J. BRAIN VENTRICLES
System of fluid-filled open spaces in the brain 4 Ventricles

Communicates between the subarachnoid spaces

Produces and circulates cerebrospinal fluid

BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER

FUNCTIONS OF THE BBB Protects the brain from "foreign substances" in the blood that may injure the brain. Protects the brain from hormones and neurotransmitters in the rest of the body. Maintains a constant environment for the brain.

Blood Brain Barrier

A mechanism that controls the passage of substances from the blood into the cerebrospinal fluid and thus into the brain and spinal cord

J. NEUROTRANSMITTERS
Chemicals which allow the transmission of signals from one neuron to the next across synapses Found at the axon endings of motor neurons, where they stimulate the muscle fibers.

Acetylcholine Amino acids Polypeptides

K. NEURONS / NERVE CELLS

Nerve cells that transmit nerve signals to and from the brain Communicates with each other = chemical process

Cell body that contains the nucleus

Specialized extensions = axons and dendrites Specialized structures = synapse & neurotransmitters

DENDRON: Tree Like Appearance

DENDRITES
Bring information to the cell body Rough Surface Extensions of nerve cells Operate as conductors of electrochemical stimuli received from neighboring cells Receive signals Impulses they receive are carried inwards and towards the soma, or cell body

AXONS
Take information away from the cell body Smooth surface Nerve fibers -- elongated and slender Transmit signals

Summary:
1. Dendrites receive electrochemical impulses from other neurons, and carry them inwards and towards the soma, while axons carry the impulses away from the soma. 2. Dendrites are short and heavily branched in appearance, while axons are much longer

3. Generally, dendrites receive neuron signals, and axons transmit them

4. Most neurons have a lot of dendrites and only have one axon.

Neurons that carries impulses to the CNS

MOTOR NEURONS

SYNAPSE

Chemical transmission of impulses from one neuron to another

SYNAPSE PROCESS
Information from one neuron flows to another neuron across a

synapse

SYNAPSE contains a small gap separating neurons The synapse consists of: 1. Presynaptic ending that contains neurotransmitters, mitochondria & other cell organelles 2. Postsynaptic ending that contains receptor sites for neurotransmitters 3. Synaptic cleft or space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic endings

The synapse consists of:

1. Presynaptic ending 2. Postsynaptic ending (receiving like DENDRITES) 3. Synaptic cleft or space

Synaptic vesicles contains NEUROTRANSMITTERS

For communication between neurons to occur, an electrical impulse must travel down an axon to the synaptic terminal.

The axon of one neuron doesn't touch the dendrites of the next. Nerve signals have to jump across a tiny gap. To get across the gap they have to change from electrical signals into chemical signals then back into electrical signals.

L. SPINAL NERVES
31 pairs of spinal nerves Mixed nerve fibers are formed by the joining of the anterior motor and posterior sensory roots.
Anterior (ventral) roots- contain efferent (motor) nerve fibers Posterior (dorsal) roots- contain afferent (sensory) nerve fiber

31 pairs of spinal nerves Mixed nerve fibers are formed by the joining of the anterior motor and posterior sensory roots.

M. CRANIAL NERVES
Nerve Name Functions

I II III

Olfactory Optic Oculomotor

Smell Vision Movement of the eyes, elevation of the eyelids, constriction of pupil in response to light

IV V VI VII

Trochlear Trigeminal Abducent Facial

Inferior and lateral movement of the eyes Sensation from the face, control of the muscles involved in chewing Lateral movement of the eye

Control of the muscles involved in facial expression, taste, tear production, salivation VIII IX Vestibulocochlear Glossopharyngeal Hearing and balance Salivation, taste, sensation from external ear

Vagus

Control of the muscles involved in swallowing, taste, autonomic innervation of various organs including tongue, larynx (area of voice production), pharynx (throat), heart, bronchi of lungs, esophagus

XI XII

Accessory Hypoglossal

Control of the muscles of the palate, pharynx, larynx Control of the muscles of the tongue

CRANIAL NERVES
12 pairs 1st & 2nd emerge from the cerebrum

Olfactory
Optic
10 emerge from the brain stem

I. OLFACTORY NERVE
Splitting into 2 nerves - one runs to each nostril Specialized smell receptor neurons Sense of smell The olfactory nerve is the shortest of all the twelve cranial nerves

II.OPTIC NERVE
Nerve that transmits visual information from the retina of the eye to the brain

GLAUCOMA

III. OCULOMOTOR NERVE

Eye nerve
Eye movement

Constriction of the pupil

Holding the eyelid open

IV.TROCHLEAR NERVE
Superior oblique muscle
Rotate the eye away from the nose
Moves the eye downward

V. TRIGEMINAL NERVE
HAPTIC
Forehead Sense of TOUCH / Non Verbal Communication Biting

Cheekbones Jaw Nose tissue Lips

Chewing Swallowing

VI. ABDUCENT NERVE

Last nerve to control the eyes

Move the eyes away from the MIDLINE

VII.FACIAL NERVE
Works = Trigeminal nerve Rest of the facial muscles Operates the middle ear's muscles Controls the rear two thirds of the tongue

TASTE & HEARING

VIII. VESTIBULOCOCHLEAR NERVE

Auditory nerve Splits into two nerves as it enters the ear Cochlear nerve
Information - hearing

Vestibular nerve

Information - balance

IX. GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE

Mouth nerve

Sensory taste information

Taking data from : tonsils, pharynx & middle ear

X. VAGUS NERVE
PNEUMOGASTRIC NERVE
brainstem

Jugular foramen

head
abdomen

Innervates both the lungs and the stomach

XI.ACCESSORY NERVE
Neck muscles Sensory (haptic) feedback from the neck.

XII. HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE

Last muscle involved in the use of the mouth Tongue movement Responsible for eating and part of speech

COMPARISON
Cranial Ner ves
12 pairs Emerge = directly from brain

Spinal Ner ves

31 Emerge = segments of the spinal cord

N. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Peripheral nervous system
Controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs Operates on its own and is involuntary

UNAWARE OF THE FUNCTION

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Works to save energy causing the body to relax. Rest and Digest response Originates in the spinal cord and the medulla

Sympathetic Nervous System

Fight or Flight response.

Originates in the spinal cord .

2 DIVISIONS
1. Sympathetic "arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations" / F or F 2. Parasympathetic Produces the opposite effect "calms the body, conserving its energy"

SITUATION
Sympathetic Parasympathetic

Chart about the reactions of the organ in Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous System

AROUSES

CALMS

Sympathetic
Organ Eyes Heart Stomach Liver Dilated Pupil Accelerated Heartbeat Inhibits Digestion Stimulates glucose release

Parasympathetic

Contracted Pupil Slow Heartbeat Stimulates Digestion Stimulates gallbladder

Kidney

Decreased urine secretion Increased urine secretion

Bladder

Relaxes Bladder

Contracts Bladder