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=
(
u
j
u
Equation (1) can be rewritten as:
(2)
we define
where is the load factor of one connection.
Using this equation and equation (2), one can obtain as:
(3)
total
I
j j
R
j
o
N
b
E
w
j r
P
u
+
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
1
1
,
total j j r
I L P =
,
j
L
j
L
j j
R
j
o
N
b
E
w
j
L
u
+
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
1
1
The total received interference, excluding the thermal noise ,can
be written as:
(4)
The noise rise is defined as:
Noise rise (5)
and using (4), we can obtain
N
P
N
P
total
I
=
=
=
=
=
N
j
total
I
j
L
N
j
j r
P
N
P
total
I
1 1
,
Noise rise (6)
where is defined as the uplink load factor and equals to:
(7)
when becomes close to 1, the corresponding noise rise approaches
to infinity and system has reached its pole capacity.
If the interference from the other cells is taken into account, then one
can write
=
=
N
j
j
L
UL
1
q
UL
q
UL
N
j
j
N
total
L
P
I
q
= = =
=
1
1
1
1
1
UL
q
(9)
where i is the ratio of other cells to own cell interference.
The interference margin used in the link budget must be equal to the
maximum planned noise rise i.e., -10 log(1- ).
For an all voice service network, where all N users in the cell have
a low bit rate of R, we can write
1 ))
|
.
|
\
|
u R
N
E
W
o
b
UL
q
=
+
=
+ = + =
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
N
j
j j
R
o
N
b
E
W
N
j
i L i
j
j UL
1
1
1
1
) 1 ( ) 1 (
u
q
and hence equation (9) is simplified to
) 1 ( i N
R
W
o
N
b
E
UL
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
= u q
- Downlink load factor
In the absence of intra- and inter- cell interferences, one can write
In the absence of interferences, we defined
and hence,
N
P
j r
P
j
R
j
W
j
o
N
b
E
,
u
= |
.
|
\
|
N
P
j
L
j r
P =
,
when we take into account both intra- and inter- cell interferences,
we have
where is the orthogonality of the channel of mobile user j.
Its value depends on the channel multipath fading ; where = 1
means no multipath fading. is the ratio of other cell to own
cell base station power, received by the mobile user j.
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
=
j
R
W
j
o
N
b
E
j j
i
j j
L
1
1 u o
j
o
j
o
j
i
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
j
R
W
j
j
o
N
b
E
P
j r
P
j
L
N
1 ,
u
The downlink load factor is defined as:
since, in the uplink, i and depends on the location of the mobile
user and they should ; therefore, be approximated by their average
values across the cell, and .
j
o
j
i
|
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
=
=
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
j
i
j
j
R
W
j
o
N
b
E
N
j
j
o u 1
1
=
=
N
j
j
L
DL
1
q
j
o
The average value of the downlink load can then be approximated as:
the noise rise is given by:
noise rise Interference margin
when 1 noise rise
the system approaches its pole capacity.
( ) ( ) i
j
R
W
j
o
N
b
E
N
j
j
DL
+
=
=
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
o u q 1
1
( )= =
DL
q 1 log 10
DL
q
=
=
1
1
,
L
N j r
P
j
R
W
j
o
N
b
E
j
P
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=u
,
and
then
where is the power spectral density of the mobile receiver and is
given by:
where F is the noise figure of the mobile receiver with typical values
of 5-9 dB.
W N P
o N
=
DL
N
j
j
R
W
j
o
N
b
E
j
L W
o
N
total
P
q
u
=
=
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
1
1
o
N
F KT N
o o
=
Throughput per cell
where N is the number of users per cell, R is the bit rate and
is the block error rate.
( ) BLER R N Throughout = 1
BLER
Link budget approach
Pros
- Enables fast planning of coverage for a pre-specified uniform load
- Skilled 3G staff not a requirement
Cons
- Too simplistic for WCDMA where coverage/capacity/QoS are
closely related
- The final performance of the network cannot be derived based on
this method
- Mix of traffic cannot be taken into account
Phase2 :Detailed capacity and coverge planning
In this phase, real propagation data from the planned area and the
estimated user density and user traffic are used.
The output of this phase are the base station locations, configuration and
network parameters.
Static simulation approach
Coverage/traffic/QoS requirements
Input existing 2G sites which can be
upgraded to 3G
Refine design, put new sites using
Planners individual judgment
WCDMA static simulator
Coverage/capacity/QoS
Satisfied?
End.
No
Yes
Static simulation approach
Pros
- Average QoS, capacity and coverage may be assessed for a mix
of traffic
Cons
- Can only be run on a limited area, typical figures for running time
for a 3 Km x 3 Km area is ~5-8 hours on a Unix work station
- Manual judgment must be exercised in interpreting the results and
making decisions to improve the plan.
- Plans may need to be iterated several times (on average 5 times)
before the desired capacity/QoS/ coverage is achieved. This takes
total planning time for a 3 Km x 3 Km to ~1 to 2 working days at best!
- Skilled 3G a prerequisite
Phase 3 : Optimisation Phase
Network optimiser
Optimises WCDMA FDD network plan minimising the number of sites
required to achieved the coverage/traffic/QoS targets set by the user.
An Optimiser also automatically selects the most appropriate antenna
tilt, direction and sectorisation in order to achieve the required
coverage/traffic/QoS.
Network optimiser
Feed in your site portfolio
Set optimisation criteria
Run Optimiser algorithms
End
Optimisation phase
Coverage information
WCDMA FDD
parameters
Traffic information
Site locations
Optimisation criteria
Optimiser
Optimised site
locations
Coverage,
Capacity/QOS
statistics
Reference
WCDMA for UMTS, Edited by Harri Holma and Antti Toskala,
Second edition, John Wiley & Son Ltd, ISBN 0-470-84467-1.