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ANALYSIS OF INDETERMINATE
STRUCTURES BY FORCE METHOD
5.1 ANALYSIS OF INDETERMINATE STRUCTURES
BY FORCE METHOD - AN OVERVIEW
5.2 Introduction
• While analyzing indeterminate structures, it is necessary to satisfy (force)
equilibrium, (displacement) compatibility and force-displacement relationships
• (a) Force equilibrium is satisfied when the reactive forces hold the structure in
stable equilibrium, as the structure is subjected to external loads
• (b) Displacement compatibility is satisfied when the various segments of the
structure fit together without intentional breaks, or overlaps
• (c) Force-displacement requirements depend on the manner the material of the
structure responds to the applied loads, which can be linear/nonlinear/viscous
and elastic/inelastic; for our study the behavior is assumed to be linear and elastic
5.2 INTRODUCTION (Cont’d)
• Solution Procedure:
• (i) Make the structure determinate, by releasing the extra forces
constraining the structure in space
• (ii) Determine the displacements (or rotations) at the locations of released
(constraining) forces
• (iii) Apply the released (constraining) forces back on the structure (To
standardize the procedure, only a unit load of the constraining force is applied
in the +ve direction) to produce the same deformation(s) on the structure as
in (ii)
• (iv) Sum up the deformations and equate them to zero at the position(s) of
the released (constraining) forces, and calculate the unknown restraining
forces
Types of Problems to be dealt: (a) Indeterminate beams; (b) Indeterminate
trusses; and (c) Influence lines for indeterminate structures
5.4 INDETERMINATE BEAMS
(i) Propped Cantilever: The structure is indeterminate to the first degree; hence
has one unknown in the problem.
(ii) In order to solve the problem, release the extra constraint and make the
beam a determinate structure. This can be achieved in two different ways,
viz., (a) By removing the vertical support at B, and making the beam a
cantilever beam (which is a determinate beam); or (b) By releasing the
moment constraint at A, and making the structure a simply supported beam
(which is once again, a determinate beam).
5.4 INDETERMINATE BEAMS (Cont’d)
θ
∴
MA =−A
α
AA
2
From known earlier analysis, θ =−(16PLEI ) [under a central concentrated
AA
load]
α
AA =−
(1)[ L /(3EI )]
This is due to the fact that +ve moment causes a –ve rotation
MA =−
[−PL2 /(16 EI)] /[−
L/(3 EI)]
=−
(3 / 16) PL
5.4.3 OVERVIEW OF METHOD OF
CONSISTENT DEFORMATION
To recapitulate on what we have done earlier,
I. Structure with single degree of indeterminacy:
P
A B
RB
(a) Remove the redundant to make the structure determinate (primary
structure)
P
A B
∆Bo
(b) Apply unit force on the structure, in the direction of the redundant,
and find the displacement
fBB
w/u.l
A E
B C D
RB RC RD
(a) Make the structure determinate (by releasing the supports at B, C and
D) and determine the deflections at B, C and D in the direction of removed
redundants, viz., ∆ BO, ∆ CO and ∆ DO
(b) Apply unit loads at B, C and D, in a sequential manner and
determine deformations at B, C and D, respectively.
A
B C D E
fBB fCB fDB
1
A
B C D E
fBC fCC
1 fDC
A
B C D E
fBD fCD fDD
1
(c ) Establish compatibility conditions at B, C and D
w / u. l.
A E
B C D
∆B ∆C ∆D Support settlements
80 kN
80 kN
60 kN
C 60 kN
C
D
D
A B
A 1 2 B
Primary structure
(a) (a) Remove the redundant member (say AB) and make the structure
a primary determinate structure
The condition for stability and indeterminacy is:
r+m>=<2j,
Since, m = 6, r = 3, j = 4, (r + m =) 3 + 6 > (2j =) 2*4 or 9 > 8 ∴ i = 1
5.5 Truss Structures (Cont’d)