Nokia FH & IFH

FH and IFH Presentation
NTC / Customer Services Global / GSM Capacity Jari Ryynnen, Program Manager
NOKIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS
Page: 1
Network Capacity Frequency Hopping
Contents (about)
4-5
6-14 7-8 17-19 20-21 22-23 27-29 30 31-39 40-42
Basics of implementation Required channel separation Frequency and interference diversity gains Effect on cell capacity and coverage Gain of power control and DTX with FH Effect on RXQUAL distribution 24-26 FER as a quality measure FH and mobile speed FAR, frequency load, effective reuse Random / cyclic FH, Intracell HO Frequency allocation schemes 43-58 PC, HO parameters FH allocation tool FH planning strategies Implementation examples
59-60 61-69 70-73 74-80

Page: 2
Contents
Intelligent Frequency Hopping
Basic theory BB FH vs. RF FH Parameters Planning and optimisation procedure IFH configurations and evolution paths Planning example 82-85 86-88 90 91-92 93-98 99-100
NPS/X Support for New Capacity Features BSS Support and Release Plan Conclusions
101-102
103-104 105-106
Page: 3
Network Capacity
Network Capacity is heavily related to Spectrum Channel Bandwidth Cell Size Frequency Reuse Factor Busy Hour Traffic
Network Capacity
Grade of Service Blocking Drop Call Rate Quality?
Spectrum Channel Bandwidth Cell Size Re useFactor (C / I )
Spectrum Utilisation Efficiency = Erlang / km2 / MHz
Page: 4
Network Capacity, Continues

Half-Rate Networks
Dual-Band-/ Dual-ModeNetworks Antennas Down Ant. Downtilting Micro-Cell Pico-Cell / Indoor
Cell Size
PC DTX FH Smart Antennas IUO
IFH
Channel-Bandwidth
Spectrum
Reuse-Factor (C/I)
Effective Network Planning
CAPACITY GAIN
Page: 5
What is Frequency Hopping?

Frequency
Call is transmitted through several frequencies in order to average the interference (interference diversity) minimise the impact of fading (frequency diversity)
F1 F2 F3
Time
Page: 6
FH and Open Questions

Frequency and interference diversity gains? Gain vs. reuse BB or RF FH? Cyclic or random sequence? Channel separation? Frequency allocation strategy? Minimum Effective Reuses? The Best Frequency Allocation reuse Maximum frequency load? PC / HO gain with FH? PC / HO parameters? Support of planning and optimisation tools? KPIs vs. subjective speech quality
Page: 7
FH Implementation
TRX-1
BB-FH
F1(+ BCCH) F2
Frequency
MS does not see any difference
TRX-3
F3 RF
F1 F2 F3
Time
PSTN
MSC
Dig.
BSC TCSM
TRX-1
F1, F2, F3 BCCH RF BB-FH is feasible with large configurations RF-FH is viable with smaller configurations
RF-FH
TRX-2
Dig.
Page: 8
BB Hopping Management
BCCH timeslot, does not hop.
RTSL-0 RTSL-1 RTSL-2 RTSL-3 RTSL-4 RTSL-5 RTSL-6 RTSL-7
TRX-1 TRX-2
BCCH 0 1 2
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3
0 1 2 3
f1 f2
TRX-3
TRX-4
f3
f4
Timeslot 0 of TRXs 2-4 hop over MA(f2,f3,f4). This hopping group uses HSN-1
All timeslots 1-7 hop over MA(f1,f2,f3,f4). This hopping group uses HSN-2
Page: 9
Hopping TCHs in BTS

BB-FH case
TDMA frame: TRX-1 / f1 TRX-2 / f2 TRX-3 / f3 0 1 2 3 4
TCH-1 (MAIO 0) TCH-2 (MAIO 1) TCH-3 (MAIO 2)
MAI : 0 1 2
2 0 1
0 1 2
1 2 0
2 0 1
MA list MAI
f1
f2
f3
MAI = (S + MAIO) modulo N S = calculated on frame basis by MS and BTS using GSM hopping algorithm and MA/HSN/FN parameters N = length of MA list
Page: 10
RF Hopping Management
BCCH TRX, does not hop.
RTSL-0 RTSL-1 RTSL-2 RTSL-3 RTSL-4 RTSL-5 RTSL-6 RTSL-7
TRX-1 TRX-2 TRX-3 TRX-4
BCCH 0 1 2
0 0 1 2
0 0 1 2
0 0 1 2
0 0 1 2
0 0 1 2
0 0 1 2
0 0 1 2
MA = {f1}
MA = {f2, f3, f4,..}
HSN-1
MAIOs have to be different for different TRXs within the same hopping group -> no collisions.
Page: 11
Hopping TCHs in BTS

RF-FH case
TDMA frame: TRX-1 TRX-2 0 1 2 3 4
TCH-1 (MAIO 0) TCH-2 (MAIO 1)
MAI / freq. : 0 / f1 1 / f2
2 / f3 0 / f1
0 / f1 1 / f2
1 / f2 2 / f3
2 / f3 0 / f1
MA list MAI
f1
f2
f3
MAI = (S + MAIO) modulo N S = calculated on frame basis by MS and BTS using GSM hopping algorithm and MA/HSN/FN parameters N = length of MA list
Page: 12
FH Sequence Generation with MAIO

GSM Hopping algorithm
TRX-3 Downlink: FN/MA/MAIO/HSN TRX-2 TRX-1
BTS
MA
f1
f2
f3
f4
fN-1
fN
MA INDEX
N-2
N-1
FN & HSN
MAI (0..N-1) +MAIO

Page: 13
Fading
Slow fading Fast fading
Mobile station
Base station
d is ta n c e
-7 0 dBm
dBm
-9 0
-1 1 0
Page: 14
Benefits of Frequency Hopping

Frequency diversity; Compensates the frequency
selective fast fading
Signal Level
F1 F2 F3
MS Location
Distance
Bursts sent on frequency F2 are degraded or lost, but the initial signal may still be reconstructed from the bursts on frequencies F1 and F3.
Page: 15
Theoretical Coherence Bandwidth

1.0 0.9
0.8
Type of environment Delay spread , s Open area < 0.2 Suburban area 0.5 Urban area 3
delay spread ( s) 0.2 0.5 1 2 3
autocorrelation coefficient
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
frequency spacing (kHz)

Page: 16
1500
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0.0
Channel Separation
Adjacent channel separations should be at

least the following: urban environment: suburban env: open env:
200 kHz 400 kHz 800 kHz
Page: 17
Simulated Frequency Diversity Gain

Thermal noise
1 0
1 0
Co-ch. interference
9
6
) B 0(d /N b E
5 F L A T3 F E R=3 % T U 3 F E R=3 % F L A T 3 R B E R C l1 b=0 ,3 % T U 3 R B E R C l1 b=0 ,3 %
) B /Ic(d C
5 F L A T3 F E R=3 % F L A T 3 R B E R C l1 b=0 ,2 % T U 3 F E R=3 % T U 3 R B E R C l1 b=0 ,2 %
0 N oh o p 2 3 4 5 6 8 In fin ite
0 N oh o p 2 3 4 5 6 8 In fin ite
N u m b e ro fc a rrie rs
N u m b e ro fc a rrie rs
Page: 18
Frequency Diversity FH Gain

Relative to the number of hopping frequencies
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Number of hopping frequencies
Gain [dB]
Cyclic, TU3 Random, TU3 Cyclic, TU50 Random, TU50
Page: 19
FH Gain vs. Mobile Speed
the higher mobile speed alone provides better

performance against fast fading -> frequency diversity gain decreases -> the total gain remains the same the ability of power control to compensate slow fading decreases with higher mobile speed (slow fading starts to resemble fast fading)
the total system quality gets decreased

with high mobile speeds (>30 km/h)
Page: 20
Interference Diversity Gain

Interference diversity; the interference is averaged over
multiple users
Interference
No hopping F1
Interference
F1
With hopping
F3
F1
F1 F2 F2 F3 F2 F 3
F2
F3
average
MS_1 MS_2
MS_3
MS_1
MS_2
MS_3
Page: 21
Converting Quality to Capacity

Field strenght Serving carrier worst interference average strongest interference interference margin
average weakest interference no FH FH with improved quality FH with tighter frequency reuse
Page: 22
FH and Cell Coverage Area
in coverage limited cells FH may increase cell

coverage area because of frequency diversity gain since BCCH timeslot doesnt hop -> an increased coverage area is limited by the coverage area of the non-hopping BCCH time slot According to the simulations: @2%FER NonFH FH
TCH/FS 15dB 8dB
BCCH / SACCH 11.5dB 8 dB (SACCH)

Page: 23
Power Control & DTX
Power Control and DTX give additional

capacity gain with random FH Restrict PC range in DL to 10-15 dB with BB FH (mobile gain control problem) DL DTX may cause problems for some mobiles, not yet recommended to be used DTX worsens RXQuality statistics in UL and DL direction, because of subRXQual samples used in the statistics
Page: 24
Effect of Power Control and DTX

downlink simulation
Reuse 3/9, TU 3km/h GAIN: 1.4 dB 2.3 dB 3.7 dB
Reuse 3/9, TU 50km/h GAIN: 1.0 dB 2.3 dB 3.5 dB
PC on DTX on PC on, DTX on
PC on DTX on PC on, DTX on
C/I improvement
The gain achieved with PC is lower than the gain of DTX
In reality, the gain of PC with high mobile speed can be even lower
Page: 25
Difference in RXQuality Distribution

nonFH <-> FH
when frequency allocation reuse gets tighter

and tighter -> less samples in quality class 0, more quality classes 1-5 with PC the same effect can be seen the more traffic load, the stronger the change in distribution bigger change in DL RXQUAL distribution worse RXQUAL doesnt necessarily mean worse subjective speech quality!!
Page: 26
Uplink RXQuality Distribution

UL RXQUAL Distribution
100.00 90.00 80.00 70.00
Percentage (%)
60.00 50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00 0.00 q0 q1 q2 q3 q4 q5 q6 q7 Quality Classes
No FH 1/3 pure 1/3 heuristic 1/1
Page: 27
Downlink RXQuality Distribution
DL RXQUAL Distribution
100.00 90.00 80.00 70.00
Percentage (%)
60.00 50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00 0.00 q0 q1 q2 q3 q4 q5 q6 q7 Quality Classes
No FH 1/3 pure 1/3 heuristic 1/1
Page: 28
Listening Tests for RXQUAL and FER

Subjective quality, laboratory tests Steady quality/FER value (fast mobile or frequency hopping) RXqual 0-4 5 6 7 FER 0 - 4% 4 - 15% 15 - 35% >35%
good slightly degraded degraded useless
good slightly degraded degraded useless
RXQUAL 6 shows rapid transition: low 6 is almost OK but high 6 bad FER has a finer resolution FER corresponds better to the subjective speech quality
Page: 29
DL RXQUAL - DL FER
FER doesnt match directly to RXQuality FER gives a better estimation for subjective speech quality Currently FER can be measured only in DL direction with
TEMS measurement system
DL RXQUAL 6-7 & FER>10% Distributions
8.00 7.00 6.00
Percentage (%)
5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 No FH DLRXQL 6-7 DL FER >10
1/3 pure
1/3 heuristic
1/1
Reuse Schem e
Page: 30
FER - Quality Dependency

RXQUAL of 5 and 6 have significantly lower FER in the hopping cases than in the non-hopping case In FH case about 2 x more bad quality still results in the same subjective speech quality = With FH an adequate speech quality can be achieved with worse RXQUAL.
30 25
Average FER
20 15 10 5 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Average RXqual
No hop
Hopping
Page: 31
Hard/soft blocking
Hard blocking The whole radio resource is in use - no more calls can be established due to lack of free radio timeslots.
Dominates with large reuse factors
Soft blocking The capacity of individual cells is limited by the level of the interference rather than the number of TRXs available
Is dominating with tight reuse patterns.
Page: 32
Frequency load, RF FH
75 % 25 % HW load is 75% Fractional load FL is 3 TRX / 5 F = 0.6 = 60% Frequency load is HWL * FL = 45% 7 7 7 7 f1 f2, f3, f4, f5, f6
TRX-1 TRX-2
BCCH 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6
TRX-3
TRX-4
f3, f4, f5, f6, f2

f4, f5, f6, f2, f3
Active slots
Empty slots
Page: 33
TRX-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TRX-2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TRX-3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TRX-4
Frequency Load
frequency 1: 17 active slots / 5 frames 40 slots totally / 5 frames frequency load is 17/40 = 42.5 %
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Active slots
Empty slots
f1 f2 f3 f4 f5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
frame 2 frame 3 frame 4
Page: 34
frame 1
frame 5
time
Reuse in Fractionally Loaded Network

Frequency Allocation Reuse Effective Reuse
Example:
Total # of freqs = 30
3 1 3 1 2 2 3 1 2
10 frequencies / cell 4 TRXs / cell
FAR = 30/10 = 3
Eff.reuse = 30/4 =7.5
1/3
Effective Reuse = Total # of frequencies/ Number of TRXs per cell
Frequency Allocation Reuse = Total # of frequencies / # of frequencies in MA list

Page: 35
Trunking Gain
100.0 % 90.0 % 80.0 %
TCH occupancy at the hard blocking limit
70.0 %
60.0 % GOS 5% 50.0 % GOS 2% GOS 1% 40.0 %
30.0 %
20.0 %
10.0 %
0.0 %
13
17
21
25
29
33
37
41
45
49
53
57
61
65
69
73
77
81
85
89
93
Number of TCH's
Page: 36
97
Effective Reuse as HW Load Increases

12
10
effective reuse
4 1/1 reuse (2% Blocking, Freq.load 7,5% (trialed)) 1/1 reuse (1% Blocking, Freq.load 7,5% (trialed)) 3.65 reuse (2% Blocking, Freq.load 30% (trialed)) 3.65 reuse (1% Blocking, Freq.load 30% (trialed)) 1/3 reuse (2% Blocking, Freq.load 30% (simulated)) 1/3 reuse (1% Blocking, Freq.load 30% (simulated))
0 2 3 4 5 6 7 TRX's/cell 8 9 10 11 12
Page: 37
UL Interference when Random RF FH is Used

Idle channel interference level Low
TRX 1 RTSL
TRX 2
f1, f2, f3
High
TRX 3
Path loss to the interfered BTS
Interfering mobiles using the same frequencies: f1, f2, f3
Timeslot #
Page: 38
UL Interference when Random BB FH is Used

Idle channel interference level Low
TRX 1 RTSL
f1
TRX 2
f2 f3
High
TRX 3
Path loss to the interfered BTS
Interfering mobiles using the same frequencies: f1, f2, f3
Timeslot #
Page: 39
Interference
Non-synchronized network
RTSL
Serving cell
Interfering cell
0
RTSL
Serving cell
50% 50% 100%
Interfering cell
Page: 40
Random vs Cyclic hopping sequences

For both:
Intracell HO to another timeslot always changes the interferers Cyclic: Intracell HO to another TRX (=MAIO) while the timeslot stays the same SOMETIMES changes the interferers Risk of having one strong interferer to affect several consecutive bursts Optimum frequency diversity Interference diversity NOT optimum Random:
Intracell HO to another TRX (=MAIO) while the timeslot stays the same NEVER changes the interferers
Frequency diversity NOT optimum Interference diversity optimum
Page: 41
Random vs Cyclic hopping sequences

Where to use?
Cyclic: In the areas where the interference is NOT a problem (low traffic areas)
Random:
In the areas where the interference is a problem (high traffic areas)
Page: 42
Intracell HO
Intracell HO based on the UL idle channel interference measurements can effectively avoid UL interference when the network load is reasonable
RTSL
0 Low
TRX 1
Idle channel interference level High
TRX 2
f1, f2, f3
TRX 3
HO When the load is high in the network, the gain of intracell HO is low
RTSL
0 Low
TRX 1
Idle channel interference level High
TRX 2
f1, f2, f3
TRX 3
HO
Page: 43
What is a Feasible Reuse?

Erl/cell
Load control needed Safe to implement in practice
+91% +43%
+44%
+39%
reference
CALL DROP RATE: REUSE FACTOR:

(Freq. Allocation reuse)
0%
12 (no hopping) Hard
0.2%
9
2%
6
2%
3
2%
1
BLOCKING TYPE:
Hard
Soft
Soft
Soft
Page: 44
How to Allocate a Fixed Band?

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 1 3 1 3 1 2 2
3 1
4
3 1 2 1 3 1
2 4 3 1 3
1 2 5 4 7 2 3 6
7 2
1 5
1
1
3
1 2
4 3
2
2
4
4 7 3
FAR
Worsening C/I at the cell border
Increasing collision probability
Max. frequency load
8%
30%
40?%
Page: 45
70?%
Reuses vs. Frequency Load?

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 1 3 1 3 1 2 2
3 1
4
3 1 2 1 3 1
2 4 3 1 3
1 2 5 4 7 2 3 6
7 2
1 5
1
1
3
1 2
4 3
2
2
4
4 7 3
FAR
Max. frequency load
8%
30%
40?%
70?%
Min. effective reuse
6.5?
7.5
Page: 46
C/I as a Function of Reuse

C/I as a function of reuse 16.0 15.0 14.0 13.0 12.0 11.0 10.0 9.0 8.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 -1.0 -2.0 -3.0 -4.0 -5.0 -6.0 -7.0 -8.0
C/I (dB)
C/I, Omni C/I, 3 sectors
12
15
18
Effective reuse
Page: 47
Frequency Diversity Gain
Average Frequency Diversity Gain (TU3)

7 6
Gain (C /I)
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 NB of hopping frequencies
Page: 48
BB FH Gain vs. Reuse

The following figure tries to explain how much the reuse can be reduced by implementin BB FH with average different TRX configurations
MIN Reuses with different TRX configurations in BB FH case 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 Original reuse
New reuse
No FH 3 TRX 4 TRX 5 TRX 6 TRX
Page: 49
Length of MA List
The maximum frequency load on the hopping frequencies is

determined by the effective frequency reuse. For example, for the reuse 6 the maximum peak hour frequency load (FreqL) is about 30 % (simulated + trialled) The required number of frequencies is calculated for each cell
Cell_traffic_(Erl) * #_of_TRXs #_of_TRXs*8 * #_of_freqs
= FreqL
Cell_traffic_(Erl) 8 * FreqL
= #_of_freqs
Page: 50
BCCH Planning
Common band strategy:

1-2 dB superior UL performance on BCCH TRX better DL performance with small traffic load DL performance on BCCH TRX decreases rapidly with high traffic loads DL performance 1-5 dB worse on TCH TRXs worse performance in UL direction superior performance in DL direction recommended strategy!
Dedicated band strategy:
Page: 51
BCCH Planning
Dedicated mixed band strategy:

separate but not continuous band for the BCCH frequencies, for example, every 4th frequency is allocated for BCCH adjacent channel interference is avoided between BCCH frequencies TCH band causes adjacent channel interference for the BCCH frequencies and vice versa, but the interference might not be too significant.
BCCH TCH BCCH + TCH Dedicated band Common band Dedicated mixed band BCCH
TCH
Page: 52
BCCH Planning
UL C/I on BCCH TRX

DL C/I on BCCH TRX

Page: 53
BCCH Planning
DL C/I on TCH TRXs

Page: 54
1/1 Frequency Allocation Reuse

All the cells in the network share the same set of frequencies
Severe collisions occur but not frequently due to low collision probability No frequency planning needed except for the BCCH frequency! Good frequency and interference diversity gains No collisions between the cells of one sectorised site when MAIO management is used Capacity not optimum (but still a lot better than in non hopping network) Max. configuration 12 TRXs / BCF RF hopping capability and MAIO step needed
MAL=1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14
MAL=1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14
MAL=1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14
Page: 55
BSS6
Single MA/HSN per Site - with MAIO Offset

HSN same for all sectors
MA = f1, f3, f5, f7,....
MA list can't include adjacent frequencies
Sector
1
HSN
MO
TRX
TRX-1
MAIO, same for all RTSLs within the TRX

BCCH, not hopping
TRX-2 TRX-3 TRX-4
0
1 2
2
N
TRX-5
BCCH, not hopping
TRX-6 TRX-7 TRX-8
3
4 5 BCCH, not hopping
Only half of the band allocation can be included into one MA list -> 2/2 reuse
3 N
TRX-9
TRX-10 TRX-11 TRX-12
6
7 8
Operator can set the lowest MAIOs for the cells
Page: 56
BSS7
Single MA/HSN per Site - with MAIO Step

MA = f1, f2, f3, f4,....
HSN same for all sectors
MA list can include adjacent frequencies
Sector
1 1
HSN
MAIO Offset MAIO step
TRX
TRX-1
MAIO, same for all RTSLs within the TRX

BCCH, not hopping
Band allocation: BCCH Hopping Freq's
TRX-2 TRX-3 TRX-4
0
2 4 BCCH, not hopping
2 2 N
TRX-5
TRX-6 TRX-7 TRX-8
6
8 10
3
3 N
TRX-9
BCCH, not hopping
12
TRX-10 TRX-11 TRX-12
12
14 16
Nor co-channels neither adj. channels used simultaneously if number of frequencies > 2*number of TRXs
Operator can set the lowest MAIOs for the cells

Operator can also set the MAIO step size

Page: 57
1/1 Frequency Allocation Reuse

Where to use?
Ideal for growing network in the area where the max. cell configuration is 4 TRXs/cell. When higher capacity is needed a new frequency plan can be done by utilising heuristic frequency planning. On the super layer of an IFH network to provide sufficient number of hopping frequencies in every cell. On the micro cells where good frequency diversity gain is achievable due to a high number of slow moving mobiles in order to provide better indoor coverage.
MAL=1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14
1. 2. 3.
MAL=1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14
MAL=1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14
Page: 58
RF-FH with Heuristic Average 'reuse 1/3'

using fractional loading
RESULTS FROM FH TRIAL

MA lists are yield e.g. by:
using one group for hopping frequencies dynamically increasing the lengths of MA lists based on interference and # of TRXs in individual cells the frequency allocation made heuristically according to the real interference situation in the network (C/I matrix) the optimum gain got with the frequency allocation Effective reuse reuse 3-5 > 3 as fractional loading used
#TRX Fractional loading =
#freq's #Cells ______
MA_1 MA_2 MA_3 MA_1 MA_2 MA_3 MA_1 MA_1 MA_2
MA_1 MA_3
Frequency alloc. = reuse #freqs used

Page: 59
3/9 Reuse with MAIO-Management -> 3/3 Reuse

Frequency band is divided into 3 groups. MA-lists are allocated one per site following 3/3 (omni) reuse pattern. Each cell in a sectorised site uses all the frequencies, but the same frequency is never used in two cells at the same time. Example ( a site using MA-list with 3 frequencies): MA-list: 3 6
3 1 2
1
6 3 9
4 8 5
9 9
3
3
3 1 2
3 3
6
2
TDMA frame n-1
TDMA frame n
TDMA frame n+1
Page: 60
RF-FH with 3/3 Reuse and Frequency Sharing

MA1 = f1, f4, f7 MA2 = f2, f5, f8 MA3 = f3, f6, f9
Initially 3/9 Cluster, 3/3 with Frequency sharing
F6
F9 F3 F9 F3 F6 F5 F7 F5 F1 F4 F9 F3 F9 F8 F2 F3 F1 F7
F5 F8 F2 F4 F9 F3 F6
F6 F9 F3 F1
F2 F8 F4 F7
F6
Time
F6
As the hopping is random and sites not synchronised, adjacent channels are used at times in neighbouring sites
Page: 61
3/9 (3/3) Reuse with MAIO-Management

1 Non-hopping network reuse 4/12 (30% load) BCCH reuse 4/12, TCH reuse 1/3 (30% load) BCCH reuse = 4/12, TCH reuse = 3/9 using MAIO-management (30% load)
0.1
CDF
0.01
0.001 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 FER 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
Cumulative density function of DL FER for a mobile speed of 3 km/h

Page: 62
3/9 (3/3) Reuse with MAIO-Management

1 Non-hopping network reuse 4/12 (30% load) BCCH reuse 4/12, TCH reuse 1/3 (30% load) BCCH reuse = 4/12, TCH reuse = 3/9 using MAIO-management (30% load)
0.1
CDF
0.01 0.001 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 FER 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Cumulative density function of DL FER for a mobile speed of 50 km/h

Page: 63
Power Control Parameters
Quality based fast power control preferred in both (UL &

DL) directions small windows: if wrong PC setting -> fast correction fast moving MS: RXQUAL upper threshold 4 -> 3 step size: 2 dB (variable step in power increase if bad RXQual or RXLev) BB FH: 10-15 dB range in DL, 30 dB range in UL RF FH: full range in both directions
UL RXQL threshold Power Increase RXQL threshold Power Decrease Amount of Averages
DL 4 1-2 1/1
Page: 64
4 1-2 1/1
HO Parameters
Intracell HO OK with low traffic loads, doesnt

help much with high traffic load Higher quality threshold can be tried with smaller frequency allocation reuses and longer MA lists
Handover Type Power budget HO Level HO Quality HO
Margins 4-6 dB 3 dB 0 dB
Thresh. UL DL 4-5 4-5
Averages UL DL 3/4 3/4
Page: 65
Frequency Allocation Procedure

Capacity estimation, cell basis Planning concept decision Estimation of number of frequencies Frequency requirements
Coverage data Interference Calibration Tool Neighbour cell measurements with GPA tool Interference matrix generation in NPS/X
MA list generation with NPS/X 3.3

MA list generation with other tool
Interference matrix generation from A-bis data simulator
Page: 66
Frequency Hopping Evolution Path

2. GEN 3. GEN
RTC or WBC
RTC
AFE
min 3 TRX max 6 TRX in S7
BB FH
RF FH
min 2 TRX max 12 TRX in S7

Page: 67
Nokia Solutions...
RTC: AFE:
6 TRX / Cell Only 2 Antennas or 1

Cross Polarised Antenna
12 TRX / Cell
One Cross Polarised Antenna / 4 TRX
12 TRX support in BSS 8 12 TRX support along with BSS 7 Base Band Hopping RF and BB Hopping 10 W at the Antenna port
8.5 W at the Antenna

port
Page: 68
Expansion Path up to 12 TRX/Cell Dual Duplex Wide Band Combiner

8.5 W
1 to 3 Cross Polarised Antenna / Cell
8.5 W
AFE AFE
TX1 TX2 TX3 TX4
Basic Cabinet
AFE AFE
TX5 TX6 TX7 TX8
AFE AFE
TX9 TX10 TX11 TX12
Extension Cabinet
Page: 69
Selecting the Right Hopping Strategy

BTS generation 3rd gen. only Combiner type / Amount of antennas AFE No Easy planning preferred over maximum capacity Yes No RF FH with frequency allocation reuse 1 (=single MA list scheme) max 12 TRX / site! (under the same BCF) 2 TRX/cell Yes Planning tool supports FH and fractional loading No Yes RF FH with frequency sharing (no fractional loading) max 12 TRX / site! (under the same BCF)
2nd gen. BB FH used on the cells having more than 2 TRXs max 6 TRX / cell with RTC or 12 TRX with AFE
RTC
No Min TRX configuration
3 TRX/cell or more
Maximum gain from DL PC required
<=12 TRXs/site configurations

Yes
Yes RF FH with frequency allocation reuse 3 ~ 5 max 12 TRX / cell
Page: 70
Selecting the Right Reuses and MA list Lengths in RF FH case

Eff. reuse and frequency load as a function of frequency allocation reuse
Calculate the effective reuse

Effective reuse
Easy planning preferred over high capacity Yes Check from the reuse table if 1 f.a. reuse scheme is possible
No
Check from the reuse table the possible f.a. reuse schemes
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Frequency allocation reuse
90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
Frequency load
Eff. reuse Freq. load
Do you prefer the maximum capacity over good quality Yes
Effective reuse > 8 No Freq. alloc reuse 3 .. 7
Frequency allocation reuse 1 (=single MA list scheme)
Frequency allocation reuse 3 ~ 5 or frequency sharing Eff reuse 6,5 .. 7
Calculate the average MA list length per area based on the average busy hour traffic per area and 8% average frequency load
Calculate the MA list length in a cell basis based on the busy hour traffic estimate and chosen f.a.scheme
Page: 71
Single MA List Planning Case (1/1 Frequency allocation reuse)

21 frequencies reserved for non-BCCH TRXs Network layout:
Site Cell A 1 2 B 1 C 1 2 3 D 1 2 3 E 1 2 F 1 2 3 G 1 2 TRX count 2 3 4 4 4 3 3 4 2 3 4 4 3 4 4 3
Hopping TRXs 1 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 1 2 3 3 2 3 3 2
A
2 3
B C
2 1 2 2 1 2 1
3
1 2 3
G
1
Average TRXs/cell :
3.3 2.4
Average frequency load: 7.4%
Average hopping TRXs/cell :
Effective reuse = 21 frequencies / 2.4 hopping TRXs per cell = 8.8

OK
Average frequency load 7.4 % (max. 9.9 %) OK

Page: 72
Single MA List Planning Case (1/1 Frequency allocation reuse)
MAIO Planning Example

MAIO Offset determines the MAIO of the first hopping TRX in each sector MAI value for each TDMA frame is calculated by BTS and MS by using HSN and TDMA frame number
Site C
The sectors share the same HSN MAIOs for the rest of the hopping TRXs are determined by adding MAIO Step to the MAIO of the previous hopping TRX
Transmitted frequencies for each TRX during each TDMA frame No co- or adjacent channel interference between sectors
Page: 73
Site D
Site F
Site G
Page: 74
RF FH with Fractional Loading (FAR 3-5) Planning Case

Hopping TRXs 1 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 1 2 3 3 2 3 3 2
A
2
1 3 1 2 3
B C
2 1 2 2 1 2 1
G
1
Average TRXs/cell :
3.3 2.4
Average MA list length: 4.9 Average frequency load: 30.7%
Effective reuse = 19 frequencies / 2.4 hopping TRXs per cell = 7.9
OK OK
Average frequency load 30.7 % (max. 34.6 %) OK
Frequency allocation reuse = 19 frequencies / 4.9 FH freqs per cell = 3.9

Page: 75
RF FH with Fractional Loading (FAR 3-5) Planning Case
Allowing Consecutive Frequencies in MA Lists when MAIOstep = 2

Consecutive carriers allowed in the MA lists Fractional load in every sector is 50% or less (fractional load = MAL_length / Nb_TRX)
MAIOstep is set to 2
No intra cell adjacent channel interference!

Page: 76
RF FH with Frequency Sharing Planning Case

Hopping TRXs 1 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 1 2 3 3 2 3 3 2
Each cell has a sufficient number of hopping frequencies even without fractional loading
A
2 3
1 3 1 2 3
B C
2 1 2 2 1 1
G
1
Average MA list length: 5.4
Average TRXs/cell :
3.3 2.4
The same MA list is shared among all the sectors of one site
Effective reuse = 19 frequencies / 2.4 hopping TRXs per cell = 7.9 Frequency allocation reuse = 19 frequencies / 5.4 FH freq.per cell = 3.5
OK OK
MAIO planning needed
Page: 77
RF FH with Frequency Sharing Planning Case
MAIO Planning Example

Frequencies for the MA list are planned with help of frequency planning tool. Minimum separation is 2. Site F as an example.
MAIOStep is 1
The sectors share the same HSN
MAIOoffset for each sector is set so that the MAIOs for TRXs are in consecutive order
Page: 78
Nokia Intelligent Frequency Hopping
Page: 79
Nokia Soft Capacity

- More capacity with less sites
Nokia Intelligent Frequency Hopping (IFH) enhances the capacity by up to 70% combines the unique Nokia IUO with FH
Traffic / Capacity
+ 70 % + 40 %
Basic
IUO
IFH
New Capacity Enhancing Features
Conventional capacity building, cell splitting, adding TRXs
1995
1998
1999->
Coverage
Page: 80
Intelligent Frequency Hopping IFH = FH + IUO
Combined FH + IUO Superior absorption or capacity compared

to pure IUO or frequency hopping Currently support for 1+N configuration BSS 7 offers FH on both layers at the same time not possible to use BB FH and RF FH in different layers at the same time RF FH more flexible with IFH -> FH usable with smaller configurations
Page: 81
Why to Combine FH and IUO (IFH)
Mobile users in residual interference spots can enjoy

the individual quality control provided by IUO layer selection algorithm Operator will benefit from the additional capacity provided by FH (frequency diversity + interference diversity) FH allows to use lower C/I thresholds with IUO algorithm: Better traffic absorption with original IUO reuse factor more TRXs per cell with smaller reuse factor Support for easy planning in NPS/X 3.3
Page: 82
IFH GAIN
Quality (C / I)
IUO GAIN
reuse reduction on super layer
IFH
Up to 70% capacity gain *
FH GAIN
reuse reduction on both layers
High capacity
Super reuse layer dominance area
High quality
Regular layer dominance area
* compared to conventional network Acceptable quality
Page: 83
IFH Mechanism Will Protect the Call

Quality (C / I)
In FH schemes with low reuse (=high capacity) the power control (PC) is needed to minimise the interference excess quality is minimised within the whole cell area in high interference spot, PC may not be able to increase C/I enough
with IFH, a fast handover to regular layer will save the call
Acceptable quality
With IFH handover to regular will retain the quality
Power control may not be able to save the call
residual interference spot

Page: 84
IFH Supports both BB and RF Hopping

RF hopping cell BB hopping cell
Regular layer TRX-1 BCCH TRX-2 TCH
f1 f2 f3 f4
TRX-1 TRX-2 TRX-3
BCCH TCH TCH
f1 f2 f3
Super reuse layer
TRX-3 TRX-4
TCH TCH
f5 f6 f7
TRX-4 TRX-5 TRX-6
TCH TCH TCH
f4 f5 f6
Page: 85
BB-FH vs. RF-FH

Less HW restrictions supported by all BTS generations all antenna combining methods feasible Minimum number of antennas required Easy to Implement existing planning tools the same interferers and frequency plan than with IUO Limitations with small configurations and small BW hopping may not be possible on both layers Limited FH gain FH gain is limited with small configurations Flexibility hopping with small configurations and small BW is possible Maximum FH gain -> better performance hopping enabled over large number of frequencies
BB-FH
RF-FH
Number of antennas in large configurations the number of antennas increases HW dependencies old BTS generations do not support RF-FH wideband antenna coupling equipment needed (AFEs)
No simple answer, selection on case by case basis

Page: 86
Path to IFH
'Conventional' network Single layer network
FH
IUO
Both FH and IUO are feasible on the way to IFH
IFH
Multilayer network
IFH
Page: 87
IFH Parameters
separate FH parameters for regular and super layers lower good/bad C/I thresholds when FH applied with
IUO the correct parameter values depend on reuses, FH scheme and operating environment IFH trials (Sonofon, ??) help to find good default parameter sets for some IFH cases and configurations a thesis about IFH Planning is coming at the end of the year 1998 TS in Interference band 4 is not allocated, limit to be decided
Page: 88
Frequency Allocation Procedure for IFH

Capacity estimation, cell basis
Spectrum and HW constraints Frequency requirements Planning concept decision
NetDim / NPS/X
Estimation of needed number of frequencies
OMC / CDW / NDW

Quality Analysis Automatic Parameter tuning
NPS/X 3.3
Coverage data Interference Calibration Tool Neighbour cell measurements with GPA tool
Automatic interferer generation for IUO Planning of other parameters
Interference matrix generation
Frequency Allocation
Page: 89
IFH Planning and Monitoring

Capacity Planning NPSX Netdim NDW NDW Monitoring
NMS/2000
NPS/X 3.3
PlanEdit CDW
Frequency Planning
Parameter Planning
Page: 90
Cell Doctor version 1.18.41 or later in NMS/2000. The tool
Measurement Tools for Network Monitoring
extracts data in text format from the database. NDW can be used for Quality / traffic monitoring. It uses the database of NMS/2000. TIM / TOM monitoring SW can be used for indoor / outdoor drive tests A special DL FER monitoring tool can be used internally, consisting of a Nokia 8110i with SW, a laptop with FMON and postprocessing SW Ericsson TEMS monitoring tool can be used for the normal drive tests and DL FER monitoring
Page: 91
NMS/2000 measurements
The following measurements can be used to monitor the performance:
TRAFFIC RESOURCE ACCESS AVAILABILITY HO RXQUAL UNDERLAY RXLEVEL (Not all the time, creates a lot of
data) POWER CONTROL (Not all the time)

Page: 92
Cell Doctor Scripts

Script 154 163 190 197 204 209 213 250 401 402 403 Measurement HO Causes Drop Call Ratios UL Interference RXQUAL KPI KPI KPI Success Ratios IUO Absorbtion and traffic IUO, Busy Hour Absorbtion and traffic IUO, Busy Hour KPI's Level BTS BTS BTS TRX Area Area BTS BTS BTS BTS BTS Period 24h 24h 1h 24h Busy hour 24h 24h 24h 24h Busy hour Busy hour
Page: 93
Network Monitoring
Page: 94
Evolution Paths
Small BW 6 MHz Phase Medium BW 8 MHz Large BW 10 MHz Existing IUO network
S6 FH
RF hopping
BB hopping
(AFE used)
BB hopping
IUO
S7 IFH
RF hopping
RF hopping
BB hopping
Page: 95
IFH Configurations
M acr o Nb o f T RX : Re u s e : BW :
1 5 //6 4 ,2 2+2+2 3+3+3 1 5 //6 /6 5 ,4 4+4+4 1 5 /9 //4 ,5 /4 ,5 6 ,6 5+5+5 6+6+6
1 5 /9 //4 ,5 /4 ,5 /4 ,5 1 5 /9 /9 //4 /4 /4 7 ,6 9
M ic r o Nb o f T RX : Re u s e : BW :
2 8 //5 2 ,6 3 8 //4 /4 3 ,2 4 8 //4 /4 /4 4
Page: 96
DHS IFH
6+6+6 DHS macro 9,6 MHz BCCH reuse 16 R TCH TRX reuse 6 S TCH TRX reuse 3
FH / IUO
BASIC
Conventional macro:
3+3+3 macro 9,6 MHz BCCH reuse 16 TCH TRX reuse 12 (max. 3,6 TRX in average) cell radius 400-800m 1,5-3 macro sites per sqkm
4+4+4 FH/IUO macro 9,6 MHz BCCH reuse 16 R TCH TRX reuse 9(FH) 12( IUO) S TCH TRX reuse 6 (IUO) (max. 4,5 TRX in average) cell radius 400-800m 1,5-3 macro sites per sqkm
5+5+5 IFH macro 9,6 MHz BCCH reuse 16 (max. 7 TRX in average) R TCH TRX reuse 9 S TCH TRX reuse 4 (max. 6 TRX in average) cell radius 400-800m 1,5-3 macro sites per sqkm
capacity 130-260 Erl/sqkm 73% gain
capacity 90-190 Erl/sqkm 27% gain
capacity 70-150 Erl/sqkm

Page: 97
IFH evolution in Fujian network - 10,4 MHz
3+3+3 FH macro 6,6 MHz, 33 ch BCCH reuse 15 R TCH TRX reuse 9 R TCH TRX reuse 9
4+4+4 IFH macro 7,8 MHz, 39 ch BCCH reuse R TCH TRX reuse R TCH TRX reuse S TCH TRX reuse
FH on regular only if BB FH
15 9 9 6
5+5+5 IFH macro 9 MHz, 45 ch BCCH reuse R TCH TRX reuse R TCH TRX reuse S TCH TRX reuse S TCH TRX reuse
FH on regular only if BB FH
15 9 9 6 6
only FH, no IUO
6+6+6 IFH macro 10,2 MHz, 51 ch BCCH reuse R TCH TRX reuse R TCH TRX reuse S TCH TRX reuse S TCH TRX reuse S TCH TRX reuse
FH on both layers
15 9 9 6 6 6
separate band for BCCH+regular and super

easy to upgrade, only more TRXs to super layer BB FH, can be planned with NPS/X micro band used also as a reserve for interference problems
micro+reserve
BCCH+regular 33 ch super 18 ch 8 ch
Page: 98
IFH evolution in BTA network, Mika
6+6+6 IFH macro 9,6 MHz, 48 ch BCCH reuse 15 R TCH TRX reuse 8 R TCH TRX reuse 7 R TCH TRX reuse 7 S TCH TRX reuse 6 S TCH TRX reuse 5
no FH on super max. configuration with RTC in S7
7+7+7 IFH macro 9,6 MHz, 48 ch BCCH reuse 15 R TCH TRX reuse 8 R TCH TRX reuse 7 R TCH TRX reuse 7 S TCH TRX reuse 4 S TCH TRX reuse 4 S TCH TRX reuse 3
FH on both layers only AFE possible
8+8+8 IFH macro 9,6 MHz, 48 ch BCCH reuse 15 R TCH TRX reuse 6 R TCH TRX reuse 6 R TCH TRX reuse 6 R TCH TRX reuse 6 S TCH TRX reuse 3 S TCH TRX reuse 3 S TCH TRX reuse 3
FH on both layers only AFE possible too tight regular reuse??
Page: 99
IFH evolution in BTA network, Jari
6+6+6 IFH macro 9,6 MHz, 48 ch BCCH reuse 14 R TCH TRX reuse 8 R TCH TRX reuse 8 S TCH TRX reuse 6 S TCH TRX reuse 6 S TCH TRX reuse 6
FH on both layers max. configuration with RTC in S7
7+7+7 IFH macro 9,6 MHz, 48 ch BCCH reuse 14 R TCH TRX reuse 7 R TCH TRX reuse 7 R TCH TRX reuse 7 S TCH TRX reuse 5 S TCH TRX reuse 4 S TCH TRX reuse 4
FH on both layers only AFE possible
7+7+7 IFH macro 9,6 MHz, 48 ch BCCH reuse 14 R TCH TRX reuse 7 R TCH TRX reuse 7 R TCH TRX reuse 7 S TCH TRX reuse 4 S TCH TRX reuse 3 S TCH TRX reuse 3 S TCH TRX reuse 3
FH on both layers only AFE possible absorbtion problem on super?
Page: 100
Evolution Path for 6 MHz BW

Small BW 6 MHz Phase
RF FH provides greater flexibility since the hopping is feasible even in cells with just 2 TRXs. AFE required. RF FH allows hopping on both layers when IFH is used even if the number of TRXs in a cell is low. AFE required. Possible cell configurations
S6 FH
RF hopping
TRX eff.reuse 1 BCCH 15 2 TCH 7,5 3 TCH 7,5
S7 IFH
RF hopping
TRX eff.reuse 1 BCCH 15 2 regular 9 3 super 3 4 super 3
Page: 101

Medium BW 8 MHz Phase
BB FH used when there are 3 or more TRXs in the cell since it provides hopping also on the BCCH TCHs. RF FH used when There are 2 TRXs in a cell. AFE required for RF FH cells. RF FH allows hopping on both layers when IFH is used even if the number of TRXs in a cell is low. AFE required. Possible cell configurations TRX eff.reuse 1 BCCH 12 2 TCH 10 3 TCH 9 4 TCH 9
S6 FH
BB/RF hopping
S7 IFH
RF hopping
TRX eff.reuse 1 BCCH 15 2 regular 9 3 super 6 4 super 5 5 super 5
Page: 102

Possible cell configurations
Large BW 10 MHz
RTC used AFE used
Possible cell configurations TRX eff.reuse 1 BCCH 12 2 TCH 10 3 TCH 9 4 TCH 9

(10 unused freqs)
Phase
S6 FH
TRX eff.reuse 1 BCCH 12 2 TCH 8 3 TCH 8 4 TCH 8 5 TCH 7 6 TCH 7 TRX eff.reuse 1 BCCH 12 2 regular 9 3 regular 9 4 super 5 5 super 5 6 super 5
( 5 unused freqs)
BB hopping
BB hopping
S7 IFH
BB hopping
BB hopping
TRX eff.reuse 1 BCCH 12 2 regular 9 3 regular 9 4 super 5 5 super 5 6 super 5 7 super 5
RTC max. 6 TRX/cell in S6 and S7
AFE max. 4 TRX/cell in S6 and 12 TRX/cell in S7. RF hopping possible.
Page: 103
Implementing IFH/RF-FH with 6MHz

One example
RF hopping
TRX eff.reuse 1 BCCH 12* 2 regular 9 9 hopping frequencies 1TRX/cell = 3TRX/site
3 super 4,5 4 super 4,5
Apply 3/3 allocation and Frequency sharing
NOTE! With frequency sharing the max configuration is currently 12 TRX / site!
3
9 hopping frequencies 2TRX/cell = 6TRX/site for super layer 3 different MA lists 3 frequencies/MA one MA/site
3
1 1 1
3 2 2
Apply 1/3 allocation 3

3 different MA lists 3 frequencies/MA one MA/cell
1 3 1 2
2 3 1 2
1,2,3 = MA lists
Page: 104
Frequency Sharing
1 MA list per sector Super layer sector 1 f1 f2 f3 1 MA list per site
TRX-1
Super layer sector 1

TRX-1
f1
TRX-1
f4 f5 f6 f7 f8 f9
TRX-1
f2
TRX-1
TRX-1
f3
One MA list is shared between TRXs of different cells in a site.
Page: 105
NPS/X 3.2 Support
Intelligent Underlay-Overlay Planning

IUO Allocation tool (BCCH layer, Regular/Super layer) IUO Interferer generator based on C/I or C/Ia IUO Capacity analysis Display of Interference free Area (absorption) IUO Simulator
Other Features
Dual Band support BB/RF FH interference analysis (C/I->BER->Quality) Co-ordinate conversion support Repeater planning
Page: 106
NPS/X 3.3 Support
Intelligent Frequency Hopping (IFH) Planning

Better Allocation tool (BCCH-, Regular/Super-, RF FH allocation) MAIO Management Capacity calculation FH+IUO simulator Interference, dominance calculations Automatic interferer generation for IUO
Other Features
Traffic data transfer Hot spot location (HSL) NMS 2000 interworking Interference calibration (DL C/I statistics from the network)
Page: 107
FH and IFH Support in Different BSS Releases

Feature
BB-FH (RTC) RF-FH (3. gen, BB-FH AFE) IFH (FH on Reg.+Sup.) MAIO offset MAIO step Frequency sharing on site 63 frequencies/MA Dynamic HotSpot Direct access to super
BSS6 (S6, DF3)

6 TRX/cell 4 TRX/cell 1+N yes no yes yes no if regular full (C/I)
BSS7 (S7, DF4)

6 TRX/cell 12 TRX/cell M+N yes yes yes yes no direct (level)
BSS8
6 TRX 12TRX M+N yes yes yes yes ? direct
Page: 108
BSS Network Element Release Plan
S8
BSS8
T11 S7
B12 DF5 NPSX 3.4
BSS7
B11 DF4 NPSX 3.3 T10
NMS BSC BTS RNT TOOLS
BSS6
T9 S6 B10 DF2.1 DF3
NPSX 3.2
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
Page: 109
Conclusions
IFH brings more capacity (reuse reduced by 2-3) or better quality and good C/I area compared to normal IUO
RF FH offers a more flexible way to increase capacity than BB FH and works with narrow bandwidths and variable capacity requirements
1/1 reuse with MAIO management doesnt offer the maximum capacity gain but offers an easy planning Frequency allocation reuse 3-5 with intelligent planning offers the maximum capacity gain but requires a good planning tool MAIO management (offset + step) offers a more flexible way for frequency planning
Page: 110
Remember
Best capacity and quality is achieved with the

right site selection and right antenna installation + height Cell specific (heuristic) frequency planning and frequency list planning (FH) is required with every solution when the best quality is required Theoretical frequency reuse factors will not provide good quality in a challenging environment when the network layout planning is compromised
Page: 111

Nokia FH & IFH

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FH and IFH Presentation

Network Capacity Frequency Hopping

59-60 61-69 70-73 74-80

Grade of Service Blocking Drop Call Rate Quality?

Spectrum Channel Bandwidth Cell Size Re useFactor (C / I )

Spectrum Utilisation Efficiency = Erlang / km2 / MHz

Network Capacity, Continues

PC DTX FH Smart Antennas IUO

Effective Network Planning

What is Frequency Hopping?

FH and Open Questions

MS does not see any difference

Hopping TCHs in BTS

TCH-1 (MAIO 0) TCH-2 (MAIO 1) TCH-3 (MAIO 2)

TRX-1 TRX-2 TRX-3 TRX-4

MA = {f2, f3, f4,..}

Hopping TCHs in BTS

TCH-1 (MAIO 0) TCH-2 (MAIO 1)

FH Sequence Generation with MAIO

MAI (0..N-1) +MAIO

Benefits of Frequency Hopping

Theoretical Coherence Bandwidth

frequency spacing (kHz)

Adjacent channel separations should be at

200 kHz 400 kHz 800 kHz

Simulated Frequency Diversity Gain

5 F L A T3 F E R=3 % T U 3 F E R=3 % F L A T 3 R B E R C l1 b=0 ,3 % T U 3 R B E R C l1 b=0 ,3 %

5 F L A T3 F E R=3 % F L A T 3 R B E R C l1 b=0 ,2 % T U 3 F E R=3 % T U 3 R B E R C l1 b=0 ,2 %

Frequency Diversity FH Gain

Cyclic, TU3 Random, TU3 Cyclic, TU50 Random, TU50

FH Gain vs. Mobile Speed

the higher mobile speed alone provides better

the total system quality gets decreased

Interference Diversity Gain

Converting Quality to Capacity

FH and Cell Coverage Area

in coverage limited cells FH may increase cell

TCH/FS 15dB 8dB

BCCH / SACCH 11.5dB 8 dB (SACCH)

Power Control & DTX

Power Control and DTX give additional

Effect of Power Control and DTX

Reuse 3/9, TU 3km/h GAIN: 1.4 dB 2.3 dB 3.7 dB

Reuse 3/9, TU 50km/h GAIN: 1.0 dB 2.3 dB 3.5 dB

PC on DTX on PC on, DTX on

PC on DTX on PC on, DTX on

The gain achieved with PC is lower than the gain of DTX

Difference in RXQuality Distribution

when frequency allocation reuse gets tighter

Uplink RXQuality Distribution

60.00 50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00 0.00 q0 q1 q2 q3 q4 q5 q6 q7 Quality Classes

No FH 1/3 pure 1/3 heuristic 1/1

Downlink RXQuality Distribution

60.00 50.00 40.00 30.00 20.00 10.00 0.00 q0 q1 q2 q3 q4 q5 q6 q7 Quality Classes

No FH 1/3 pure 1/3 heuristic 1/1

Listening Tests for RXQUAL and FER

good slightly degraded degraded useless

good slightly degraded degraded useless

FER - Quality Dependency

f3, f4, f5, f6, f2

TRX-1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TRX-2 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TRX-3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TRX-4

Reuse in Fractionally Loaded Network

10 frequencies / cell 4 TRXs / cell