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bottleneck theories
Capacity theory: minds have limited amount of mental fuel; different tasks share the amount of mental fuel available
- Can do two tasks in parallel, if enough mental fuel available
Bottleneck theory: point in information processing where only one piece of information processed at a time
Serial processing only one thing done at a time
0 SOA
Capacity interpretation
Maybe people slow down on the second task (RT2) because they give less capacity to that task and more to the first task (Task 1)
Pashler (1996)
[capacity theory developed Kahneman, 1973] Have people do two simple tasks Two tasks always happen at exactly the same time (SOA = 0 ms) Measure time between responding to one task and responding to the other (Inter-Response Interval or IRI)
predictions
Bottleneck theory:
A TASK 1 IRI
Hi TASK 2
Resp
Resp
Predictions (cont.)
Capacity theory: are doing both tasks at the same time, just giving more energy to one or the other
A TASK 1
TASK 2
Hi
Resp
Resp
Results
% of cases
0
IRI
Automaticity
Task repeated enough times where it apparently no longer requires attention Driving is a good example Some tasks can become automatic and others cant
Def. of automaticity
Memory for task is not related to whether youre trying to remember it More practice doesnt help; hard to change how you do the task Can do this task and another task at the same time (no capacity nor bottleneck) Hasher & Zacks (1979)
example
Reed text, pp. 70-1 LaBerge & Samuels (1974) People did simple task with regular letters or strange new letters At first, people not very good working with new letters With enough practice, people are as good with new letters as with regular letters
Selective attention
Def.: pay attention to one thing and ignore something else Cherry (1950s) created task to measure peoples ability to do selective attention Shadowing task = to repeat a message out loud as you hear the message (to shadow)
Filter theory
Broadbent (1959) A bottleneck theory We filter out one message based on its early characteristics (sensation and perception) and let the other message through
Moray (1959)
Cocktail party effect: trying to pay attention to your conversation while ignoring conversations around you Used shadowing technique: hearing one message and ignoring another Trick: secretly place the Ss name within the ignored message
predictions
According to early selection, no one should notice their name in the ignored message (because youre not processing the meanings of the words) According to late selection, people will hear their names (because you ARE processing the meanings of the words)
Results
People DO notice their names, supporting late selection theory