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DR KISHOR BHANUSHALI
FACULTY MEMBER
IBS- AHMEDABAD
kishorkisu@rediffmail.com
Probability means
Games of chances
Gambling
Tossing
Drawing of cards
Probability ------------ Statistics
Sample
Interpretation of statistical results
Random variations
Conclusions
Foundation of statistical inferences
Probability ------- Defined
Lt a
P ( A) = =
→
Theoreticallynwe ∞ n
can never obtain the probability of
an event as given by the limit
In practice we can only try to have close estimate of
P(A) based on large number of bservations
A Posteriori
Subjective Approach to Probability
n!
−
X n− X
P( X ) =
X !(n − X )!
p (1 p)
P ( X ) =e
−λ
λ x
X!
1 − (1 / 2 ){( X − µ ) / σ }2
f (X ) = e
2πσ
e = the mathematical constant approximated by 2.71828
π= the mathematical constant approximated by 3.14159
π= the mean
σ= the standard deviation
X = any value of the continuous variable, where - ∞ < X< ∞
Normal Distribution