ZEPHYR SYSTEM PVT.

LTD

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By:- Gaurav Kumar

Content
The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication
Radio Propagation Characteristics Spreading Technology Channel Coding Interleave Technology Modulation

By:- Gaurav Kumar

Multi-path characteristics of radio channel

Electromagnetic propagation:

--direct radiationreflectiondiffraction and scattering Signal attenuation: Path loss Loss of electromagnetic waves in large scope of the spread reflects the trend of the received signal in the spreading Slow fadingLoss because of being blocked by the building and hill in the propagation path Fast fadingElectromagnetic signals rapidly decline in a few dozens wavelength ranges Description of Fast fading distribution Rayleigh distributionnon line-of sight(NLOS) transmission Rician distributionline-of sight(LOS) transmission

By:- Gaurav Kumar

Multi-Path Effects
sending signal

strength

receiving signal
0
time

By:- Gaurav Kumar

Characteristics of Radio Propagation

Interference dithering
2 3

Sending signal

Accepting signal

Sending signal

Accepting signal

delay
0dB 0 +

fading
-25dB

Sending signal

Accepting signal

Sending signal

Accepting signal

Frequency off-set caused by the movement of mobile that is Doppler effect

By:- Gaurav Kumar

Content
The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication
Radio Propagation Characteristics Spreading Technology Channel Coding Interleave Technology Modulation

By:- Gaurav Kumar

Spread Spectrum Principles

SHANON Formula

C = Blog2(1+S/N)
Where,

C is capacity of channel, b/s B is signal bandwidth, Hz S is average power for signal, W N is average power for noise, W
It is the basic principle and theory for spread spectrum

communications.

By:- Gaurav Kumar

Spread Spectrum Principles

Power is Spread Over a Larger Bandwidth

30 KHz 5 MHz

By:- Gaurav Kumar

Spread Spectrum Principles

Despreading
Spreading radio channel Noise

Transmitter

Receiver

User information bits are spread over a wide

bandwidth by multiplying high speed spread code(chip) Spread signal bandwidth W wider than original signal bandwidth Rb For WCDMA, W=3.84Mchip/s Rb(voice)=12kbit/s

By:- Gaurav Kumar

Spread Spectrum Principles

Sf
Sf

signal
signal
f0

f0

Before spreading

After spreading

Sf

Sf

White noise signal

f0

signal White noise

f0

Before despreading

After despreading

signal

interference

White noise

By:- Gaurav Kumar

Spreading Mode
Direct sequence spread spectrumDS-SS
Base band data is spread by multiplication of pseudo-noise

sequence and base-band pulse, the pseudo-noise sequence generated by the pseudo-noise generator BER subject to Multiple Access Interference and near-far effect Power control can overcome the near-far effect, but it is limited by power detection accuracy WCDMA uses DS-SS
Frequency hopping spread spectrumFH-SS
Data is transmitted in the random channel by the carrier frequency

hopping Before FH again, data is transmitted using traditional narrowband modulation No near-far effect

By:- Gaurav Kumar

DS-SS communication system

A technology of transmission after spreading signal

spectrum.
Wideband Signal

Slow Information Sent

Slow Information Recovered

TX

RX

Fast Spreading Sequence

Fast Spreading Sequence

By:- Gaurav Kumar

Spread Spectrum Principles

Many code channels are individually spread and then added together to create a composite signal

By:- Gaurav Kumar

Spread Spectrum Principles

Any Code Channel can be extracted from the received

composite signal by using the right orthogonal code Energy for transmitting signal can be lower than interference and noise

Processing Gain
Broadband Interference Unwanted Power from Other Resoures

By:- Gaurav Kumar

Concept of orthogonal code

Code1
Code2 Mul

+1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1 -1 -1
-1 +1 +1 -1 -1 +1 +1 -1 -1 -1 +1 -1 +1 +1 -1 +1

Code1
Code2 Mul Sum

+1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1 -1
+1 +1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -1 +1 -1 -1 -1 +1 -1 -1 +1 -2

Sum

0
Orthogonal

Non-orthogonal

Orthogonal the result of multiplying and sum is 0

By:- Gaurav Kumar

Example of orthogonal code

-1 1

MUL
1 -1 1 -1

-1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1
-1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1

MUL
1 -1 1 -1

-1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1

Integral

-4
0

4
0

Judge

-1

By:- Gaurav Kumar

Direct spread technique

S1 S1xC1

W S2XC2

Spreading
Air Interface

S2

S N

[S1xC1+S2xC2]xC1 =S1

(S1xC1)+(S2xC2)

Despreading
[S1xC1+S2xC2]xC2 =S2

C1xC2=0, C1,C2,orthogonal

By:- Gaurav Kumar

Sketch map of Spreading and Despreading

Symbol Data=010010
Chip 1 -1

Spreading code = 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 ( SF = 8 ) Spread signal = Data code

Spreading
1 -1 1 -1

Despreading Spreading code

1 -1 1 -1

Data = Spread signal Spreading code

By:- Gaurav Kumar

Characteristics of Spreading Communication

High anti-multi-path- interference capability Anti-sudden-pulse High security Lower transmitting power Easy to implement large-capacity Multiple Access

Communication Occupy band wide Complex realization

By:- Gaurav Kumar

Content
The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication
Radio Propagation Characteristics Spreading Technology Channel Coding Interleave Technology Modulation

By:- Gaurav Kumar

Purpose of Channel Coding

By adding redundant information in the original data

stream, receivers can detect and correct the error signal, and improve data transmission rates.
Can not satisfy the communication

No correct coding:

BER<10-1 ~ 10-2

Convolutional codingBER<10-3

Can satisfy the speech communication

Can satisfy the data communication

Turbo coding

BER<10-6

By:- Gaurav Kumar

Principle of Channel Coding

Channel coding
Error-correcting ability obtains by adding redundancy in the

original data Convolution coding and Turbo coding 1/21/3 are widely applied. Increase no effective load and transmission time Suitable to correct few non-continuous errors

WCDMA
TURBO SPEAK
Encoding

W W C C D D M MAA T T UURRBBOO S S P P E E AA K K
Decoding

W ? C C D D M MAA T T ? URRBBOO S S PPEE A? KK

By:- Gaurav Kumar

Content
The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication
Radio Propagation Characteristics Spreading Technology Channel Coding Interleave Technology Modulation

By:- Gaurav Kumar

Principle of Interleave Technology

advantage
Interleave is to change the sequence of data to random the

unexpected errors Advance the correcting validity disadvantage Increase the processing delay Especially, Several independent random errors may intertwined for the unexpected error .
e.g.
x1 x6 x7 x11 x16 x21 x22

Data input
A = (x1 x2 x3 x4 x5 x25)

x2

Data output
A= (x1 x6 x11 x16 x25)

x3
x4 x5

x8
x9 x10

x23
x24 x25

By:- Gaurav Kumar

Encoding and Interleaving

WCDMA TURBO SPEAK
Encoding

W W C C D D M MAA T T UURRBBOO S S PPE EAAK K

WTSWTS
Interleaving

CUPCUP DREDRE MBAMBA AOKAOK

Encoding + Interleaving can correct both continuous and non-continuous errors

W??CDDMMA? T ? ?UR??BOO S ? ? P? EAAK K

WTS???
Deinterleaving

Decoding

? ? ?CUP DR?D?E M?AMBA AOK?OK

By:- Gaurav Kumar

Content
The Basic Principles of Wireless Communication
Radio Propagation Characteristics Spreading Technology Channel Coding Interleave Technology Modulation

By:- Gaurav Kumar

Principle of Modulation
Definition
Modulation is the process where the amplitude,

frequency, or phase of an electronic or optical signal carrier is changed in order to transmit information. Using symbol stand for one or more bits to improve communication effectiveness
Classification
Analog Modulation
Digital Modulation
bit

Modulation

Symbol

By:- Gaurav Kumar

Analog Modulation
The purpose of analog modulation is to impress an

information-bearing analog waveform onto a carrier for transmission.

Common analog modulation methods include:

Amplitude modulation (AM) Frequency modulation (FM)

Phase modulation (PM)

By:- Gaurav Kumar

Digital Modulation
The purpose of digital modulation is to convert an

information-bearing discrete-time symbol sequence into a continuous-time waveform (perhaps impressed on a carrier). Basic analog modulation methods include Amplitude shift Keying (ASK) Frequency shift Keying (FSK) Phase shift Keying (PSK)

By:- Gaurav Kumar

By:- Gaurav Kumar