Hypnosis is a procedure involving cognitive processes (like imagination) in which a person is guided to respond to suggestions to change.

The changes can be in sensations, perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Psychologists hold a wide variety of opinions on how to define hypnosis and on how hypnosis works.

 Sometimes,

people are trained in selfhypnosis, in which they learn to guide themselves through a hypnotic procedure.

It is useful to think of a hypnotic procedure as consisting of two phases or components:

Hypnotic Induction Hypnotic Suggestions

An introduction to hypnosis in which the person (subject)

is guided through suggestion to relax, concentrate, and/or to focus his or her attention on some particular

thing (ie watch or pencil).

Some hypnotists believe the purpose of the induction is to induce an altered state of consciousness.

Other hypnotists believe the induction is a social cue that

prompts the subject to engage in hypnotic behaviors.

The person is guided to undergo changes in experience. Types of Hypnotic Suggestions:

Ideomotor Suggestions experience a motor movement. Challenge Suggestions Person is told they will not be

able to do some particular thing and then is asked to perform the prohibited behavior.
Cognitive Suggestions experience changes in sensations,

perceptions, thoughts or feelings.

People in hypnosis lose control and can be made to say or do whatever the hypnotist wants. People may not be able to come out of hypnosis. Hypnosis only affects weak-willed or gullible people. Hypnosis reliably enhances the accuracy of memory. Hypnosis enables people to re-experience a past life. Hypnosis depends primarily on the skill of the hypnotist.

NONE OF THESE ARE TRUE

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A. B. C.

D.

Psychoanalytic Approach Neodissociation Approach Socio-Cognitive Approach Transpersonal Approach

Freud initially utilized hypnosis to help remove psychosomatic symptoms from patients who suffered from what we would now call a somatoform disorder (no physical basis). These patients suffered from medical complaints like seizures, muscular spasms, and paralysis of their limbs that was transient and/or was not thought to be the entirely the result of a general medical condition. Freud learned that he could temporarily or permanently reduce many of these symptoms using direct hypnotic suggestions for the symptoms to be reversed. (e.g.,: Your arm is calm again and will no longer spasm.) Freud also believed that Hypnosis allowed him access to memories within the patients unconscious mind which had been previously repressed. Eventually, Freud began using free association instead of hypnosis as a way of accessing the unconscious.

A more recent psychoanalytically-oriented theory. Developed by Ernest Hilgard. Under hypnosis, part of the mind enters an altered state of consciousness. A second dissociated part of the mind, later designated as the Hidden Observer, remains aware of what is going on during a hypnotic session. The part of the mind in an altered state of consciousness is very open to hypnotic suggestions.

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 The Hidden Observer Experiments

Discovered in highly hypnotizable people during

dissociative tasks such as hypnotic deafness and hypnotic pain analgesia. If queried, some people could nevertheless give realistic accounts of the dissociated experience as if a hidden observer was present within the person.

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Contends that the principles of social psychology explain behavior during hypnosis. Not a single theory, but a group of theories. Examples:
Role Theory people naturally adopt the role behaviors of a

hypnotized person.
Response Expectancy Theory hypnotic suggestions alter

expectations for nonvolitional *(out of persons control)outcomes (e.g., pain). Such expectations , in turn, then contribute to the experience of those outcomes (Kirsch, 1990).

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 Many of humanitys earliest views of hypnotic phenomena are described by various religious and spiritual traditions in the world. (Krippner, 2005). Shamanistic Healing Rituals Exorcism and Demonology Advanced meditative practices to achieve Mind/Body Unity within Mystical Christianity, Tibetan Buddhism, Native American, Islamic Sufism, Jewish Kabbalah, and Hindu Tantra.

Requires a willingness to explore the possibility that within each one of us is an inner wisdom and intuition that can guide us through our life experiences. At the heart of Transpersonal Hypnosis is the belief that as we connect with this higher awareness we do transform and as we transform, we are emboldened to create the life we envision for ourselves This is an important diversity issue since many people around the world hold these beliefs.

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A. B.

The State Controversy The Trait Controversy

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Do people enter an altered state of consciousness during hypnosis ? The essence of the dispute between the Neodissociation and Sociocognitive approaches. This remains a hotly debated issue.

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 Is

there a trait that accounts for how much or how little people respond to hypnosis ? Ones position on the Trait Controversy is unrelated to ones position on the State Controversy. They are NOT opposite poles of a single dimension or question. The research evidence strongly suggests that there is a trait that explains how much people respond to hypnosis.
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Hypnotic suggestibility is the general tendency to respond to hypnotic suggestions. It can be measured by using hypnotic induction and a series of behavioral test suggestions. It is a trait-like, individual difference variable people differ in terms of how high or low they fall on suggestibility. Suggestibility tends to be very stable over time some researchers found that scores taken 25 years apart fairly highly correlated

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Hypnosis is generally used in two ways as a clinical tool:

A. Making Direct Suggestions for Symptom Reduction B. Using hypnosis in conjuction with other forms of psychotherapy (ie CognitiveBehavioural Therapy or CBT).

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 Example A hypnotist suggests to a patient undergoing a painful medical procedure (e.g., surgery, a lumbar puncture, spinal tap) that the affected body part (i.e., the back) is numb and insensitive to pain.

This is a classic use of hypnosis.

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Hypnosis can alter and eliminate the psychological experience of pain and also the brains neurophysiological processing of pain.

Research suggests that using a combination of hypnosis and CBT improves outcomes for about 70% of patients relative to using CBT alone (Kirsch et al., 1995). Additionally, standard CBT techniques can be presented in a hypnotic context by preceding the CBT technique with a hypnotic induction, Examples:

Progressive Muscle Relaxation becomes hypnotic relaxation.

Guided Imagery becomes hypnotic imagery. Systematic Desensitization becomes hypnotic desensitization. Coping self-statements become coping self-suggestions.

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 Acute and Chronic Pain Phobias Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and Acute Stress Disorder Performance Anxiety Depression Eating Disorders Dissociative Identity Disorder Smoking Obesity
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Once associated with fringe psychology and the supernatural, hypnosis is now accepted as the valid subject of scientific research and as a useful clinical tool. Psychologists hold a wide variety of opinions on how to define hypnosis and on how hypnosis works. Research strongly suggests that hypnotic suggestibility is a trait that accounts for a portion of how much or how little people respond to hypnosis. However, research strongly indicates that the vast majority of people can benefit from hypnosis interventions. Research indicates that hypnosis is very effective for treating a wide range of clinical problems and symptoms, including pain, anxiety, depression, obesity, and smoking.

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Chevreul Pendulum http://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=zrOF-VA2nwc

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1. 2.

3. 4.

5. 6.

7. 8. 9.

Obtain scissors, string, and inch washers. At the beginning of the presentation, distribute these materials to the class. Have students cut a 6-inch length of string and tie it to the washer. Explain that you will be doing a demonstration in which students will have an opportunity to experience an imaginative suggestion. Have students place their right elbow on their right thigh and hold the string between their right thumb and index finger so the washer is suspended beneath. Have students hold their hand as still as possible. Ask students to imagine that the washer is beginning to move from left to right. Continue repeating the suggestion until some washers begin to move. There will be a range of responses. Some students will show no response at all. Others will find that their washer moves quite a bit. Cancel the suggestion by telling students their hands are back to normal. Ask students what this has to do with what you were just discussing. This should lead naturally to the next topic hypnotic suggestibility.

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