Direct Strength Design For Cold-Formed Steel Members With Perforations

Direct Strength Design for
Cold-Formed Steel Members

with Perforations
Progress Report 2

C. Moen and B.W. Schafer
AISI-COS Meeting
August 2006
Outline
Objective and challenges
Project overview
FE elastic stability studies
slotted hole spacing limits
flange holes in SSMA studs
FE strength studies
nonlinear solution methods (ABAQUS)
isolated plates with holes
studies on effective width
SSMA structural stud with hole (initial study)
Conclusions
task group
Perforation patterns in CFS
next?
Objective
Development of a general design method
for cold-formed steel members with perforations.

Direct Strength Method Extensions

P
n
= f (P
y
, P
cre
, P
crd
, P
crl
)?

Does f stay
the same?
Gross or net, or
some combination?
Explicitly model hole(s)?
Accuracy? Efficiency?
Identification? Just these
modes?
DSM for columns no holes
267 columns , | = 2.5, | = 0.84
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
P
t
e
s
t
/
P
y
,
g
(P
y,g
/P
crl
)
0.5
,(P
y,g
/P
crd
)
0.5
D buckling controls
L buckling controls
DSM P
nl
DSM P
nd
Progress Report 1 Highlight
DSM prediction* for stub columns with holes
mean test-to-predicted = 1.04
standard deviation = 0.16
*P
cr
by FE reflects test boundary conditions, minimum D mode selected, P
y
=P
y,g
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
P
t
e
s
t
/
P
y
,
g
Slenderness, (P
y,g
/P
cre
)
0.5
Global buckling controls, P
ne
=P
nl
All Long Column Specimens
DSM P
ne
Progress Report 1 Highlight
Global buckling in long columns with holes
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
P
t
e
s
t
/
P
n
e
,
g
Slenderness, (P
ne
/P
crl
)
0.5
Local buckling controls
DSM P
nl
mean test-to-predicted = 1.14
standard deviation = 0.09
Project Update
Year 1 of 3 complete

Project years
1: Elastic buckling studies, identifying modes,
benefiting from existing data
2: Ultimate strength studies, modal composition,
connecting elastic stability to strength
3: Experimental validation & software
Outline
Project overview
FE strength studies
Conclusions
task group
Slotted Hole Spacing in Plates
Motivation
Evaluate influence of hole spacing on elastic
buckling of plates
Study buckling modes with multiple holes,
observe critical buckling stress as hole
spacing changes
Provide code-based recommendations on
slotted hole spacing

Influence of a single hole
(benchmark: stiffened plate in compression)
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 5 10 15 20 25
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
L/L
hole
f
c
r
,
h
o
l
e
/
f
c
r
,
n
o

h
o
l
e

h
hole
/h=0.66
h
hole
/h=0.44
h
hole
/h=0.19
h
hole
/h=0.26
L
hole
R
hole
h
hole
h
L

(a) (b)
(a) (b)
(a) (b)
(a) (b)
Influence of multiple holes
models compared at equal numbers of DOF
S S/2
L
hole h
hole
h
Fixed length plate, vary spacing and quantity of holes

(note clear space between holes = S L
hole
)
Influence of multiple holes
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 5 10 15 20 25
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
S/L
hole
f
c
r
,
h
o
l
e
s
/
f
c
r
,
n
o

h
o
l
e
s

h
hole
/h=0.66
h
hole
/h=0.44
h
hole
/h=0.19
h
hole
/h=0.26
2 3 4 5
0.75
0.8
0.85
0.9
S/L
hole
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 5 10 15 20 25
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
S/L
hole
f
c
r
,
h
o
l
e
s
/
f
c
r
,
n
o

h
o
l
e
s

h
hole
/h=0.66
h
hole
/h=0.44
h
hole
/h=0.19
h
hole
/h=0.26
Simply supported plate (all four sides), S=4L
hole
shown
S L
hole h
hole
h
Decrease in f
cr
when hole
spacing becomes small
Comparison of findings on spacing
Elastic buckling study:
S/L
hole
> 5 implies

S > 5L
hole
and
S
clear
> 4L
hole

S
end
> 2.5L
hole
and
S
clear-end
> 2L
hole
Old D4 rules on holes...
S > 24 in.
S
clear-end
> 10 in.
L
hole
< 4.5 in.
implies
S > 5.3L
hole
S
clear-end
> 2.2L
hole

old rules look reasonable, but we
need to non-dimensionalize
Critical buckling stress equation
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
h
hole
/h
p
l
a
t
e

b
u
c
k
l
i
n
g

c
o
e
f
f
.
,

k
Data points from
eigenbuckling analysis
Fitted curve
4 4 4 6
2
s +
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
h
h
h
h
k
hole hole
S S/2
L
hole h
hole
h
for S/L
hole
> 5
Outline
Project overview
FE strength studies
Conclusions
task group
Flange holes in SSMA studs
(Western States Clay Products Association
Design Guide for Anchored Brick Veneer over Steel Studs)

Flange holes and elastic buckling
B
b
b b
hole
H
R
D
t
r
L
,,, 1, 1 dia. holes in a 1 flange (362S162-33)
Local buckling (LH mode) caused by large diameter holes
Influence of flange holes on elastic
buckling modes
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
b
hole
/b
P
c
r
/
P
y

D
GFT
L
LH
GFT, no hole
D, no hole
L, no hole
LH
Keep b
hole
/b < 0.5 in this study to avoid problems
Outline
Project overview
FE strength studies
Conclusions
task group
Evaluate nonlinear solution methods
Motivation
Gain experience with nonlinear FEM analysis
using ABAQUS
Use modified Riks method (arc length or work
method) and artificial damping method to
predict the strength of a plate with a hole
Explore solution controls and identify areas of
future research

(task group only..)
Loading and boundary conditions
o
o
(a) Modifed Riks method -
employed with a uniform
compressive load applied
to the ends of the plate
(b) Artificial damping method
employed with uniform
longitudinal displacement
applied at the member ends
h
P
h
P
Simply supported plates

(task group only..)
-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
o/t
P
/
P
y
,
g

RIKS1
RIKS2
Initial imperfection shape
(scale exaggerated)
P
b
P
b
compression
tension
2
3
o
o
cannot move
past peak load
1
Modified Riks Solution
(task group only..)
Artificial Damping Solution
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
o/t
P
/
P
y
,
g

STAB1
STAB2
0.25 0.3 0.35
0.3
0.34
0.38
o/t
P
/
P
y
,
g
Highly nonlinear post-peak
equilibrium path found with
STAB1 and STAB2
Initial imperfection shape
(scale exaggerated)
h
P
Displacement control
o
o
h
P
(task group only..)
Ultimate strength of a plate with a hole
Motivation
Use knowledge gained from solution control
study to predict strength and failure modes
What happens at failure when we add a hole?
Study the influence of initial imperfections on
strength and load-displacement response

(task group only..)
Considering initial imperfections
fundamental buckling
mode mapped to plate
with slotted hole
fundamental
buckling mode
of plate
initial geometric
imperfections
(task group only..)
Imperfections and strength
Plate WITHOUT a hole
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
o/t
P
/
P
y
,
g

no imperfections
d
1
/t=0.14
d
1
/t=0.34
d
1
/t=0.66
d
1
/t=1.35
d
1
/t=3.85
P
n
=0.58P
y,g
(DSM Prediction)
(task group only..)
Imperfections and strength
Plate WITH a hole
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
o/t
P
/
P
y
,
g

no imperfections
d
1
/t=0.14
d
1
/t=0.34
d
1
/t=0.66
d
1
/t=1.35
d
1
/t=3.85
P
n
=0.56P
y,g
(DSM Prediction, P
ne
=P
y,g
)
P
n
=0.38P
y,g
(DSM Prediction, P
ne
=P
y,net
)
(task group only..)
Plate strength summary
(task group only..)
Outline
Project overview
FE strength studies
Conclusions
task group
Simply supported plate models
o
o
o
o
fundamental buckling
mode mapped to plate
with slotted hole
fundamental
buckling mode
of plate
initial geometric
imperfections
Effective width basic concepts
h
h
e
/2
h
e
/2
membrane stress (S11)
yield stress
calculate area under
stress curve (A)
distribute area (A) to
edges of plate
A/2
A/2
}
=
h
0
y e 11
f th dy s t
Effective width
Plate WITHOUT hole
h
e
/2
(a) membrane stress in 1 direction (S11)
Plan view of element
+S11 +S11
Elevation
(b) variation in effective width along plate
h
effective width
h
e
/h
average 0.51
standard deviation 0.02
max 0.55
min 0.48
Effective Width
Plate WITH hole
+S11 +S11
Elevation
(a) membrane stress in 1 direction (S11)
(b) variation in effective width along plate
h
effective width h
e
/h
average 0.38
standard deviation 0.03
max 0.41
min 0.34
h
e
/2
Through thickness stresses in a plate
+S11
+S11
Elevation view of element
Top
Bottom
Midplane
Membrane
stress
Membrane
stress
Through thickness stress variation
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
f
plate
/f
y
x
/
h

top of plate
midplane of plate
bottom of plate
Top of plate is
fully effective
Tension and compression
stresses counteract each other
when calculating effective width
at the bottom of the plate
Stress
distribution used
to calculate
code-based
effective width
Tension Compression
Longitudinal (S11) stress
variation across width of plate
SECTION A-A
A
A
A
Through thickness effective width
Top of plate
Midplane of plate
Bottom of plate
Effective width calculated with
longitudinal stresses (S11) at top,
midplane, and bottom of the plate
Top of Plate
Middle of Plate
Bottom of Plate
y e
h
0
t
0
11
f th dxdy s =
} }
Outline
Project overview
FE strength studies
Conclusions
task group
SSMA Structural Stud Ultimate Strength
(362S162-33)
o
1
2
3
Rigid translational
connection to centroid in
1, 2, and 3 (u, v, and w)
Centroid restrained in
translation:
1, 2, and 3 (u=v=w=0)
rotation:
4, 6 (
1
=
3
=0)
4
5
6
Centroid restrained in
translation:
2 and 3 (v=w=0)
rotation:
4, 6 (
1
=
3
=0)
Rigid translational
connection to centroid in
1, 2, and 3 (u, v, and w)
Pinned End
Conditions
Also modeled fixed-fixed end conditions
No warping allowed at
member ends!
Elastic Buckling Modes
P
crd
=1.15P
y,g
P
crl
=0.42P
y,g
P
crl
=0.42P
y,g
P
crd1
=0.52P
y,g
P
crd2
=0.54P
y,g
P
crd3
=1.16P
y,g
D
L
L
L+DH
DH2
D+L
Distortional modes unique
to a column with a hole
Pinned-pinned shown ( fixed-fixed similar)
Influence of hole and end conditions
on strength
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
o/t
P
/
P
y
,
g
Fixed ends
P
u
=0.77P
y,g
Fixed ends with hole
P
u
=0.61P
y,g
Pinned ends
P
u
=0.64P
y,g
Pinned ends with hole
P
u
=0.53P
y,g
o
baseline response: initial imperfections not considered here
SSMA stud failure mechanisms
33 ksi yield stress
Fixed ends
P
u
=0.77P
y,g
Fixed ends with hole
P
u
=0.61P
y,g
Pinned ends
P
u
=0.64P
y,g
Pinned ends with
hole P
u
=0.53P
y,g
Yielding occurs
only at the hole
Yielding occurs in
the web, flange,
and lip stiffener
Conclusions
Progress report 1 shows
holes create new mixed buckling modes,
for web holes this means triggering distortional buckling earlier
DSM style methods are working in an average sense,
when reduced elastic buckling for holes is accounted for
New elastic buckling studies show that
Hole spacing: S/L
hole
>5 , S
end
/L
hole
>2.5 to avoid interaction
Flange holes: b
hole
/b < 0.5 to avoid reduced P
cr
in SSMA stud

Ultimate Strength of Plates/Members with holes
Nonlinear FEA is v. sensitive to solution algorithm
Net section revealed for stocky sections, small imperfections
Imperfection sensitivity not markedly increased due to hole
Hole impacts effective width and through thickness rigidity
Yielding patterns with hole are more like distortional buckling
mechanisms than local mechanisms suggesting reduced post-
buckling capacity and some concern with using DSM local
buckling curve for members with holes.
Elastic buckling and nonlinear FEM of COLUMNS with holes

Elastic buckling and nonlinear FEM of BEAMS with holes

Modal decomposition of failure modes with GBT

Laboratory testing of intermediate length SSMA studs with holes

Moving closer to a formal connection between elastic buckling and
ultimate strength for cold-formed steel members with holes
Whats Next?

Direct Strength Design For Cold-Formed Steel Members With Perforations

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Direct Strength Design For Cold-Formed Steel Members With Perforations

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Direct Strength Design for

Cold-Formed Steel Members

Simply supported plates

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