Presentation Graphics for Quantitative Analysis for Management, 8th Edition

Render/Stair/Hanna

Prepared by John Swearingen

To accompany Quantitative Analysis for Management, 8e by Render/Stair/Hanna

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2003 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Chapter 1 Introduction to Quantitative Analysis

To accompany Quantitative Analysis for Management, 8e by Render/Stair/Hanna

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2003 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Learning Objectives
Students will be able to: Describe the quantitative analysis approach Understand the application of QA in a real situation Describe the use of modeling in QA

Use computers and spreadsheet models to perform QA

Discuss possible problems in using quantitative analysis Perform breakeven analysis

To accompany Quantitative Analysis for Management, 8e by Render/Stair/Hanna

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2003 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Chapter Outline
1.1 Introduction 1.2 What is Quantitative Analysis (QA)

1.3 The QA Approach

1.4 How to Develop a QA Model 1.5 The Role of Computers and Spreadsheet Models in the QA Approach 1.6 Possible Problems in the QA Approach 1.7 Implementation - Not Just the Final Step
To accompany Quantitative Analysis for Management, 8e by Render/Stair/Hanna

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2003 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Introduction
Mathematical tools have been used for thousands of years QA can be applied to a wide variety of problems

One must understand: the specific applicability of the technique, its limitations and its assumptions

To accompany Quantitative Analysis for Management, 8e by Render/Stair/Hanna

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2003 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

The Evolution of QA
1990 1980 1970 1960 1950 Expert Systems and Artificial Intelligence Decision Support Information System Goal Programming Decision Theory Network Models Dynamic Programming Game Theory Transportation Assignment Technique Inventory Control Queuing Theory Markov Analysis
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1940
1930 1920

1910
1900

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The Decision-Making Process

Quant.Analysis
Logic Historic Data Marketing Research Scientific Analysis Modeling

Problem

Decision

?
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Qual. Analysis
Weather State and federal legislation New technological breakthroughs Election outcome

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2003 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Overview of Quantitative Analysis

Scientific Approach to Managerial Decision Making Consider both Quantitative and Qualitative Factors

Raw Data

Quantitative Analysis

Meaningful Information

To accompany Quantitative Analysis for Management, 8e by Render/Stair/Hanna

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2003 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

The Quantitative Analysis Approach

Define the problem

Develop a model
Acquire data Develop a solution

Test the solution

Analyze the results and perform sensitivity analysis

Implement the results

To accompany Quantitative Analysis for Management, 8e by Render/Stair/Hanna

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2003 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

The QA Approach - Fig 1.1

Define the Problem Develop a Model Acquire Input Data Develop a Solution Test the Solution Analyze the Results

Implement the Results

To accompany Quantitative Analysis for Management, 8e by Render/Stair/Hanna

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2003 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Define the Problem

All else depends on this Clear and concise statement required May be the most difficult step Must go beyond symptoms to causes Problems are related to one another

Must identify the right problem

May require specific, measurable objectives

To accompany Quantitative Analysis for Management, 8e by Render/Stair/Hanna

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2003 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Develop the Model

Model: representation of a situation Models: physical, logical, scale, schematic or mathematical Models: variables (controllable or uncontrollable) and parameters

Controllable variables decision variables

Models must be:
solvable realistic easy to understand easy to modify
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To accompany Quantitative Analysis for Management, 8e by Render/Stair/Hanna

Acquire Data
Accurate data is essential (GIGO) Data from:
company reports company documents interviews

on-site direct measurement

statistical sampling

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2003 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Develop a Solution
Manipulate the model, find the best solution Solution:
practical implementable

Various methods:
solution of equation(s) trial and error complete enumeration implementation of algorithm
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2003 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Test the Solution

Must test both
Input data Model

Determine:
Accuracy Completeness of input data
collect data from a different sources and compare

Check results for consistency

Do they make sense?

Test before analysis!

To accompany Quantitative Analysis for Management, 8e by Render/Stair/Hanna

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2003 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Analyze the Results

Understand the actions implied by the solution Determine the implications of the action Conduct sensitivity analysis -

change input value or model

parameter and see what happens
Use sensitivity analysis to help gain understanding of problem (as well as for answers)
To accompany Quantitative Analysis for Management, 8e by Render/Stair/Hanna 2003 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

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Implement the Results

Incorporate the solution into the company

Monitor the results

Use the results of the model and sensitivity analysis to help you sell the solution to management

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2003 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Modeling in the Real World

Models are complex Models can be expensive

Models can be difficult to sell

Models are used in the real world by real organizations to solve real problems

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2003 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

How to Develop a QA Model

Profit
Profits = Revenue - Expenses
Profits = Revenue (Price per Unit) (Number Sold) Expenses - Fixed Cost - (Variable Cost/Unit) (Number Sold)

Profits = $10Q - $1,000 - $5Q

To accompany Quantitative Analysis for Management, 8e by Render/Stair/Hanna

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2003 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

How to Develop a QA Model

Q = quantity sold F = fixed cost V = variable cost/unit Set Revenue = 0

Breakeven Point

PQ - F VQ = 0
Then F = PQ VQ And: Q = F/(P V) Breakeven Quantity = F/(P-V)
To accompany Quantitative Analysis for Management, 8e by Render/Stair/Hanna

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2003 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Models Can Help Managers to

Gain deeper insight into the nature of business relationships Find better ways to assess values in such relationships; and See a way of reducing, or at least understanding, uncertainty that surrounds business plans and actions

To accompany Quantitative Analysis for Management, 8e by Render/Stair/Hanna

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2003 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Models
Are less expensive and disruptive than experimenting with real world systems Allow What if questions to be asked Are built for management problems and encourage management input Enforce consistency in approach Require specific constraints and goals
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2003 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Models: The Up Side

Models
Accurately represent reality Help a decision maker understand the problem Save time and money in problem solving and decision making

Help communicate problems and

solutions to others Provide the only way to solve large

or complex problems in a timely

fashion
To accompany Quantitative Analysis for Management, 8e by Render/Stair/Hanna

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2003 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Models: The Down Side

Models
May be expensive and timeconsuming to develop and test Are often misused and misunderstood (and feared) because of their mathematical complexity

Tend to downplay the role and value

of nonquantifiable information Often have assumptions that

oversimplify the variables of the real

world
To accompany Quantitative Analysis for Management, 8e by Render/Stair/Hanna

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2003 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Using Models (from Dr. J.N.D. Gupta)

Some Suggestions
Use descriptive models Understand why the managers involved decide things the way they do Identify managerial and organizational changes required by the model Analyze each situation in terms of its impact on management Prepare a realistic cost/benefit analysis of tradeoffs of alternate solutions
To accompany Quantitative Analysis for Management, 8e by Render/Stair/Hanna

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2003 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Mathematical Models Characterized by Risk

Deterministic models - we know all values used in the model with certainty Probabilistic models - we know the probability that parameters in the model will take on a specific value

To accompany Quantitative Analysis for Management, 8e by Render/Stair/Hanna

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2003 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

QM For Windows

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2003 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

QM For Windows

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2003 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Excel QM

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Excel QMs Main Menu of Models

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Possible Problems in Using Models

Define the Problem
Conflicting viewpoints Departmental impacts Assumptions Acquire Input Data Accounting Data Validity of Data Develop a Solution Complex Mathematics Only One Answer is Limiting Solutions become quickly outdated

Develop a Model
Fitting the Model Understanding the Model
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2003 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Possible Problems Continued

Test the Solution
Identifying appropriate test procedures

Implement the Solution

Selling the solution to others

Analyze the Results

Holding all other conditions constant Identifying cause and effect
To accompany Quantitative Analysis for Management, 8e by Render/Stair/Hanna

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2003 by Prentice Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458