BALANCING

By: Gaurav Patel

Topics
Static balance

Balancing
The technique of designing or modifying unwanted inertia forces and moments of rotating or reciprocating masses in a machine so that the unbalance is reduced to an acceptable level and if possible, entirely eliminated.

Necessity:
Reduces the negative effects of vibration Increases service life and economy of operation.

Balancing

Benefits of Balancing
Reduces:
Noise Vibration Airframe damage Avionics damage Fatigue and stress on passengers

Increases:
Economy of operation Service life of airframe and components Comfort

Static Balance
When a shaft carries a number of eccentric masses and if the sum of the moments of all the masses about the axis of rotation is equal to Zero for all angular positions, the shaft assembly is said to be in Static Balance.

Static balance (two masses in a plane)

Static Balance
Consider a light arm pivoted freely at the fulcrum O and carrying masses m1, m2 at distances r1, r2 from O respectively. In general the arm will rotate about O and the system is said to be out of balance. For equilibrium there must be balance of moments about O. i.e.

m1g x r1 = m2g x r2 or m1r1 = m2r2

When in balance the arm may be set in any position and will remain at rest in that position. The weights are said to be in static balance and the center of gravity of the system is located at O.

Static balance (two masses in a plane)

Dynamic Balance
Dynamic balancing is a way of controlling vibrations by arranging the overall summation of out-of balance forces and couples cancels out or reduced to more acceptable value
There are two groups of forces and couples - related to: revolving mass reciprocating mass Rotating mass balance is quite easily obtained by choice of crank sequence and balance weight Reciprocating mass balance is more complicated.

Dynamic balance (two masses in a plane)

Dynamic Balance
Now consider two light arms fixed to a shaft at bearing O and rotating with angular velocity . The arms are in the same plane and carry masses m1, m2 at radii r1, r2 respectively. Owing to the rotation each masses exerts an inertia force radially outward on the bearing O. The force due to m1 is m1 2 r1 (OA in the force diagram) The force due to m2 is m2 2 r2 (AB in the force diagram)

Dynamic balance (two masses in a plane)

Dynamic balance (two masses in a plane)

The resultant out of balance force on the bearing is given by OB in the force diagram. when the dynamic load on the bearing is zero the rotating system is said to be in dynamic balance. The condition for no load at O is that two inertia force shall:

1. act along the same straight line but with opposite sense 2. Be equal in magnitude
the relative positions of the masses are as in the figure C shown earlier. The condition for equal inertia forces is:

m1 2 r1 = m2 2 r2
Thus, since 2 is the same both masses

m1r1 = m2r2
Two bodies in the same plane are in static balance when pivoted about a given axis they will be in dynamic balance at any speed when rotating about the same axis.

Method of balancing Rotors

Method of Balancing Rotors

It was shown earlier that for a two mass system to be in static balance the mr product for each mass had to be the same. This is also the condition for the masses to be balanced when rotating and suggests a method for ensuring balance for rotating rotors such as turbine disks or car wheel assemblies.

Centrifugal Force

When a mass rotates in a circle, centripetal force acts on it, which is towards the center of the circle According to Newtons 3rd Law, centrifugal force acts on the mass in the opposite direction i.e. away from the center of the circle Both these forces are same in magnitude. That keeps the mass rotating in the circle

Forces on a mass rotating in a circle

Centrifugal Force

Centripetal Force = mv2 / r Centrifugal Force = - mv2 / r

Replacing linear velocity by angular velocity :

Centrifugal Force = - m2r

Imbalance

The effect of the centrifugal force is to bend the shaft with which the mass is attached, and hence to produce unwanted vibrations in the shaft

This creates imbalance in the whole system

Balancing

In order to balance out the imbalance produced by the centrifugal force of the disturbing mass, another mass is attached to the shaft in such a way that the centrifugal force of this mass (balancing mass) cancels out the effects of the centrifugal force produced by the disturbing mass

Cases of Balancing

Balancing of a single mass by a single mass in the same plane

Balancing of a single mass by two masses in different planes

Balancing of several masses in different planes

Same Planes

Different Planes

Dynamic balance (two masses in a plane)

Case : 1

Balancing of a single rotating mass by a single mass rotating in the same plane

Dynamic balance (two masses in a plane)

Fc1 = (W1/g) 2 r1 Fc2 = (W2/g) 2 r2

For a balanced system, the centrifugal force of W1 should be equal to the centrifugal force of W2. Hence: W1 r 1 = W2 r 2

Dynamic balance (two masses in a plane)

Fc1 = (W1/g) 2 r1 Fc2 = (W2/g) 2 r2

For a balanced system, the centrifugal force of W1 should be equal to the centrifugal force of W2. Hence: W1 r 1 = W2 r 2

Case : 2

Balancing of a single rotating mass by two masses rotating in different planes This case has further two possibilities
(a)

When the disturbing mass is in the middle of the balancing masses

(b)

When the disturbing mass is on one side of the balancing masses

Possibility : 1

When the plane of the disturbing mass lie in between the planes of two balancing masses

For Static balancing:

Fc = Fc1 + Fc2 Wr = W1r1 + W2r2

For Dynamic balancing, taking plane M as reference:

Fc1 * l = Fc * l2 W1 * r1 = (W * r * l2) / l

Possibility : 2

When the plane of the disturbing mass lies on one end of the planes of the two balancing masses

For Static balancing:

Fc1 = Fc2 + Fc W1r1 = W2r2 + Wr

For Dynamic balancing, taking plane M as reference: Fc1 * l = Fc * l2 W1 * r1 = (W * r * l2) / l

Case : 3

Balancing of several masses rotating in the same plane

Analytical Solution
Fcx = W1r1Cos1 + W2r2Cos2 + .. Fcy = W1r1Sin1 + W2r2Sin2 + ..

Fc = (Fcx)2 + (Fcy)2
Fc (balancing) = Fc = (W/g)*2r

tan = Fcy / Fcx

(balancing) = + 180

Graphical Solution

First find out the resultant Fc which is actually W*r The balancing Fc=(W/g)*2r, which is same in magnitude but opposite in direction to the above Fc As the balancing weight is attached on the same shaft, hence, will be the same for all masses In order to find out balancing weight W, its radius r should be known

Thank you