Defining Networks with the OSI Model

Module 2

Objectives
Skills Concepts Understanding OSI Basics Defining the Communications Subnetwork Defining the Upper OSI Layers Defining the Communications Subnetwork Objective Domain Description Understand the OSI Model Objective Domain Number 3.1

Understand Switches

3.1

Standards
Standards are sets of rules that ensure hardware and software released

from different companies work together Examples of Organizations that Coordinate Standards:

International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Federation of standards organizations from multiple nations

Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)

The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model is used to

define how data communication occurs between devices The model is divided into 7 layers, each layer providing services to the layers above and below
Layer Layer 7 Application Layer Layer 6 Presentation Layer Layer 5 Session Layer Defines Enables users and applications to access network services Translates data into a common format Establishes a communication session between devices

Layer 4 Transport Layer

Layer 3 Network Layer Layer 2 Data Link Layer Layer 1 Physical Layer

Manages message fragmentation and reassembly

Manages data routing and creating sub networks Provides error-free transfer of data frames Physical network media and signal methods

OSI Model Layers

Layer Protocol Data Unit (PDU) Layer Protocol Data Unit (PDU)

Application
Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

Data
Data Data Segment Packet Frame Bits

Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link

Data Data Data Segment Packet Frame

Physical

Bits

The Wire

Layer 1 Physical Layer

Defines the physical and electrical medium for data transfer Physical layer components: cables, jacks, patch panels, punch blocks,

hubs, and MAUs Physical layer concepts: topologies, analog versus digital/encoding, bit synchronization, baseband versus broadband, multiplexing, and serial data transfer Unit of measurement: Bits

Ethernet Standards
LAN standard providing a communication method for high speed data

exchange among devices Defined Physical and Data Link Layer 100BASE-T
100 for 100 Mbps BASE for baseband T for twisted-pair cabling

Baseband refers to the fact that devices on the network use digital

signaling over a single frequency Broadband systems use analog signaling over a range of frequencies enabling multiple channels over the same physical medium

Layer 2 Data Link Layer

Establishes, maintains, and decides how transfer is accomplished over

the physical layer and ensures error-free transmission over the physical layer Physical addresses (the hexadecimal address that is burned into the ROM of the NIC), known as the MAC address uniquely identify each hardware device work at the Data Link Layer Data Link Layer components: network interface cards and bridges Unit of measurement: frames

Media Access Control Address

Network adapters on an Ethernet network have unique Media Access

Control (MAC) addresses MAC addresses are unique identifiers assigned to network adapters by the manufacturer MAC address is six octets in length written in hexadecimal

Layer 2 Switches
Layer 2 switches are hardware-based and use the MAC address of each

host computers network adapter when deciding where to direct data frames Ports on the switch are mapped to the specific MAC address of the device attached

Virtual LAN (VLAN)

Layer 2 switching can also allow for a virtual LAN (VLAN) to be

implemented. A VLAN is implemented to segment and organize the network, to reduce collisions, boost performance IEEE 802.1Q is the standard that supports VLANs A tag is added to the data frame to identify the VLAN

Layer 3 Network Layer

Controls the operations of routing and switching information to

different networks Translates logical addresses or names to physical addresses Internet Protocol (IP) is a Network Layer protocol Devices that work at the network layer are routers and IP switches Network Layer components: IP addresses, subnets Unit of measurement: packets

Layer 3 Switches
Switches can also reside on the network layer A layer 3 switch determines paths for data using logical addressing (IP

addresses) instead of physical addressing (MAC addresses for a layer 2 switch) Layer 3 switches forward packets, whereas layer 2 switches forward frames

Layer 4 Transport Layer

This layer ensures messages are delivered error-free, in sequence and

with no losses or duplications Protocols that work at this layer segment messages, ensure correct reassembly at the receiving end, perform message acknowledgement and message traffic control The Transport Layer contains both connection-oriented and connectionless protocols Unit of measurement used: segments or messages

Connection Oriented Communications

Require both devices involved in the communication establish an end-

to-end logical connection before data can be sent These communications are considered reliable network services Packets not received by the destination device can be resent by the sender
Hello! I am a PC Hello! I am a Server!

I want to send you something important!

Ok, I will watch for it!

Connectionless Communications

End-to-end connection is not necessary before data is sent Every packet that is sent has the destination address in the header Sufficient to move independent packets, such as in streaming media Datagram delivery is not guaranteed and lost packets cannot be resent
LISTEN TO ME!!!

AAAaaaahhh!!!! .

Connection-based Protocols
The Transport Layer contains both connection-oriented and

connectionless protocols Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) provides a connection-based, reliable, byte-stream service to programs User Datagram Protocol (UDP) provides a connectionless, unreliable transport service

TCP and UDP

TCP transport is used for logging on, file and print sharing, replication

of information between domain controllers, transfer of browse lists, and other common functions. TCP can only be used for one-to-one communications. UDP is often used for one-to-many communications, using broadcast or multicast IP datagrams
Protocol Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) User Datagram Protocol (UDP) Type Connection-oriented Connectionless Example Web browser Streaming media

Ports
Ports are a Layer 4 protocol that a computer uses for data transmission Ports act as logical communications endpoint for specific program on

computers for delivery of data sent There are a total of 65,536 ports, numbering between 0 and 65,535 Ports are defined by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority or IANA and divided into categories

Ports

Layer 5 Session Layer

The Session Layer manages session establishment, maintenance and

termination between network devices Example: when you log on and log off This layer controls the name and address database for the OS NetBIOS (Network Basic Input Output System) is a protocol that works at this layer

Layer 6 Presentation Layer

This layer translates the data format from sender to receiver in the

various OSes that may be used Presentation Layer concepts include: character code conversion, data compression, and data encryption Redirectors work on this layer, such as mapped network drives that enable a computer to access file shares on a remote computer

Layer 7 Application Layer

Serves as a the window for users and application processes to access

network services This layer is where message creation begins End-user protocols such as FTP , SMTP , Telnet, and RAS work at this layer This layer is not the application itself, but the protocols that are initiated by this layer

OSI Model Revisited

Layer
7 Application 6 Presentation 5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data Link

Protocol
FTP , HTTP , POP3, SMTP Compression, Encryption Logon/Logoff TCP , UDP IP , ICMP , ARP , RIP 802.3, 803.5

Device
Gateway N/A N/A N/A Routers NICs, Switches, Bridges, WAPs

1 Physical

100BASE-T, 1000BASE-X

Hubs, Patch Panels, RJ45 Jacks

TCP Model
The TCP/IP model is similar to the OSI model This model is composed of only four layers
Layer Application Layer Transport Layer Internet Layer Network Interface Description Defines TCP/IP application protocols Provides communication session management Packages and routes data Details how data is physically sent through the network Protocols HTTP, Telnet, FTP, SMNP, DNS TCP, UDP, RTP IP, ICMP, ARP, RARP Ethernet, Token Ring, Frame Relay

OSI Model compared to TCP Model

OSI Model TCP Model Application Layer Transport Layer Internet Layer Network Access Layer

Application Layer
Presentation Layer Session Layer Transport Layer Network Layer Data Link Layer Physical Layer

The OSI Physical layer is skipped altogether on the TCP model

Summary
Understand the OSI model by defining each of the layers from a theory

perspective Be able to separate the functions of the lower levels of the OSI model, from the upper levels where message creation begins. Understand the differences between layer 2 and layer 3 switches, and gain a basic understanding of how they operate. Differentiate between the OSI model and the TCP model.

Additional Resources & Next Steps

Instructor-Led Courses
40033A: Windows Operating System and Windows

Books

Server Fundamentals: Training 2-Pack for MTA Exams 98-349 and 98-365 (5 Days) 40349A: Windows Operating System Fundamentals: MTA Exam 98-349 (3 Days) 40032A: Networking and Security Fundamentals: Training 2-Pack for MTA Exams 98-366 and 98-367 (5 Days) 40366A: Networking Fundamentals: MTA Exam 98366

Exam 98-366: MTA Networking Fundamentals (Microsoft Official Academic Course)

Exams & Certifications

Exam 98-366:

Networking Fundamentals