Objectives

On completion of this chapter , you will be able to perform the following tasks: Describe how data traffic is exchanged between source and destination devices Identify the roles and functions of a hub, switch, and router, and where they best fit in the network Select the appropriate Cisco equipment for a given set of network requirements

Network Structured Defined By Hierarchy

Core Layer

Distribution Layer

Access Layer

Access Layer Characteristics

Access Layer

End station entry pint to the network

Distribution Layer Characteristics

Access Layer Aggregation Point Router traffic Broadcast / Multicast Domains Media Transiation Security

Possible point for remote access

Core Layer Characteristics

Core Layer

Fast transport to enterprise services No packet manipulation

OSI Model Overview

Reduces complexity

Application (upper) Layers

7 6 5 4 3

Application Presentation Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

Standardizes interfaces
Facilitates modular engineering

Ensures interoperable technology

Accelerates evolution Simplifies teaching and learning

Data Flow Layers

2 1

Role of Application Layers

EXAMPLES
Application

Telnet
HTTP ASCII, EBCDIC

Presentation

JPEG Operating System / Application Access Scheduling

Session Transport Network Data Link Physical

Role of Data Flow Layers

7
6 5 4 3

Application
Presentation Session
Reliable Or Unreliable delivery

EXAMPLES
TCP UDP SPX
path

Transport Network

Error correction before retransmit

Provide logical addressing which routers use for determination

IP IPX 802.3/802.2 HDLC WIA/TIA-232 V.35

Combine bits into bytes and bytes into frames

2
1

Data Link
Physical

Access to media using MAC address Error detection not correction Move bits between devices

Specifies voltage , wire speed and pin-out cables

Encapsulation Data
Application Presentation

Upper layer data TCP Header Upper layer data IP Header LLC Header MAC Header Data Data Data

Session Transport

PDU Segment Packet Frame Bits

Network Data Link

0101110101001000010

Physical

De-Encapsulation Data
Application Presentation Session Transport Upper Layer Data

TCP Header
Upper Layer Data IP Header TCP+Upper Layer Data

Network

LLC Header IP+TCP+Upper Layer Data

Data Link

MAC Header LLC Hdr+IP+TCP+Upper Layer Data

Physical

0101110101001000010

10

Physical Layer Functions

Defines

Media Type Connector

Physical Ethernet 802.3
EIA/TIA-232

V.35

Signaling Type

11

Physical Layer :Ethernet/802.3

10 Base 2__ Thick Ehernet 10 Base 2__ Thick Ehernet

Hub
10 Base T _ Twisted Pair

Host

Hosts

12

Hubs operate at Physical Layer

Physical

All devices in the same collisions domain All devices in the same broadcast domain Devices share the same bandwidth

13

Data Link Layer Functions

Defines
Physical source and destination address Higher layer protocol (Service Access Point) associated with frame Network topology Frame sequencing Flow control Connection-oriented or connectionless 802.2
HDLC

Data Link

Frame Relay

Physical

Ethernet

802.3
EIA/TIA_232 V.35

14

Data Link Layer Functions

MAC Layer -802.3
# Bytes
8 6 6 2 Variable 4

Preamble

Dest Add

Source Add

Length

Data

FCS

0000.0c

xx.xxxx Vender assigned

Ethernet II uses Type here and does not use 802.2

IEEE assigned

15

Switches and Bridges Operate at Data Link Layer

Data Link

OR

Each segment has its own collision domain All segments are in the same broadcast domain
16

Network Layer Functions

Defines logical source and destination addresses associated with a specific protocol Defines paths through network

Network

IP, IPX

Data Link

802.2
Ethernet 802.3

H D L C

Frame Relay

Interconnects multiple data links

EIA/TIA_232

Physical

V.35

17

Network Layer Functions

Network Layer End Station Packet

IP Header

Source address 172.15.1.1

Destination address

Data

Logical Address

Network

Node

18

Network Layer Functions(cont.)

Address 172.16.122.204 172
Binary Address 10101100

Mask 255.255.0.0 122

01111010

16
00010000

204
11001100

255 Binary Mask

11111111

255
11111111

0
00000000

0
00000000

Network

Host

19

Network Layer Function (cont.)

4.0
1.1
1.0 4.3 1.3 2.1 2.2 4.1

1.2
E0

S0

S0

E0

4.2

Routing Table
NET INT

Routing Table
Metric
NET INT Metric

1 2 4

E0 S0 S0

0 0 1

1 2 4

S0 S0 E0

1 0 0

Logical addressing allows for hierarchical network Configuration required Uses configured information to identify paths to networks
20

Routers: Operate at the Network Layer

Broadcast control Multicast control Multicast Path determination Traffic management Connects to WAN services

21

Using Routers to Provide Remote Access

Telecommuter
Modem or ISDN TA

Mobile User

Branch Office
Main Office Internet

22

Connection-Oriented Sessions

Sender

Synchronize Negotiate Connection Synchronize

Receiver

Acknowledge

Connection Established
Data Transfer
(Send Segments)
23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61