Quadratic Functions, Quadratic Expressions, Quadratic Equations

QUADRATIC FUNCTIONS Definition: A quadratic function is a function of the form 2

f ( x) = ax + bx + c

where a, b, c are real numbers and a 0.

2 ax + bx + c The expression on the right-hand-side

is called a quadratic expression.

FACTORING QUADRATIC EX RESSIONS!

Given integers.

ax + bx + c where
2
2

a, b, c are

Case 1 a = 1! we have
2

x + bx + c

x + bx + c = ( x + p)( x + q) if and onl" if b = p + q and c = pq

QUADRATIC EX RESSIONS! FACTORED FOR"

Example:

Factorise x $ x + #
2

%e need to loo& for two numbers such that their product ' # and sum ' $
The numbers will be 2 and ( )ence* x2 $x + # ' (x 2) (x ()

Factorise the following:

x +# x +. =
2 2 2 2

(x + 2) (x + /)

x 2 x ,$ = (x $) (x + () x - x +,2 = (x /) (x () x # x +$ =
(x $) (x ,)

Case 2

ax + bx + c and a 1.
2

(Splitting the middle term method)

1or example

factorise #x2 + -x 0 (

%e need to loo& for two numbers such that their and sum ' +product ' # 2 0 ( ' 0 ,.
The numbers will be 2 and +3

4ow* #x2 + x 0 (
' (#x2 ! "x 2x () ' (x (2x + () ,(2x + () ' (2x + () ((x ,)

2 x + $x ( =
2

EXA" #ES! 2

(2x2 + #x ,x () ' 2x (x + () ,(x + () ' (2x ,) (x + ()

(x + ,# x + $ = #x -x ( =
2

((x2 + ,$x +,x + $) ' (x (x + $) + ,(x + $) ' ((x + ,) (x + $)

(#x2 + 2x 3x () ' 2x ((x + ,) (((x + ,) ' (2x () ((x + ,)

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS! A 5uadratic e5uation is an e5uation of the form

ax +bx +c = 0*
2

a0

The values of x that satisf" the e5uation are called solutions or roots of the e5uation.

So$%in& quadratic equations

#o sol$e the %&adratic e%&ation ax2 ! bx ! c = '(

(a) we can sometimes &se factorisation( ()) we can &se the form&la
2 x = b b /ac * 2a

(c) we can express ax2 ! bx ! c in completed s%&are form*

"ET'ODS OF SO#UTION!

ax + bx + c = 0
2

6ethod , 1actor

ax + bx + c
2

EXA" #ES!

x 2 x ,$ = 0 ( x $)( x +() = 0 x =$* x = (

2

2 x - x +( = 0
2

(2 x ,)( x () =0 , x =(* x = 2

"ET'OD (! USE THE QUADRATIC FORMULA The 5uadratic formula is often written as

b b /ac x= 2a
2

The number b /ac is called the discriminant.

2

T'E DISCRI"INANT! Given the 5uadratic e5uation

ax + bx + c = 0.
2

The expression b2 +ac under the s5uare root sign is

called the discriminant of the 5uadratic e5uation and can be used to determine the nature of the roots of the e5uation.

7f b2 /ac > 0* the e5uation ax2 + bx + c ' 0 will have two real roots.
O

7f b /ac < 0* the e5uation ax + bx + c ' 0 will have no real roots.

2 2

7f b2 /ac ' 0* the e5uation ax2 + bx + c ' 0 will have one real root. 7t is more usual to sa" that the e5uation has two repeated roots or e5ual roots or same roots.

EXA" #ES! EXAMPLE (1) 2 2x -x + ( = 0

( -) ( -) /(2)(() x= 2(2)
2

- /3 2/ - 2$ - $ = = = / / / -+ $ -$ , x, = = (* x2 = = / / 2

Exa)p$e *(+
,x( -x . - / 0

40 Since D 4 0, So no rea$ roots or No so$ution5

b( -ac / * -+( -*,+*-+ / 12 -3 / ,(

1ind the values of k given that the e5uation x2 + (k + ()x k ' 0 has e5ual roots. 85ual roots b2 /ac ' 0 (k + ()2 + /k ' 0 k2 +,0k + 3 ' 0 (k + ,)(k + 3) ' 0 k ' 3 or k ' ,

Example (,)