Newtonian Mechanics

Chapter 3
Kinematics in Two Dimensions
Learning Objectives
Newtonian Mechanics-Kinematics
I.A.2. Motion in two dimensions, including projectile motion
a) Students should be able to add, subtract, and resolve displacement
and velocity vectors, so they can:
1) Determine components of a vector along two specified, mutually
perpendicular axes.
2) Determine the net displacement of a particle or the location of a
particle relative to another.
3) Determine the change in velocity of a particle or the velocity of
one particle relative to another.
b) Students should understand the motion of projectiles in a uniform
gravitational field, so they can:
1) Write down expressions for the horizontal and vertical
components of velocity and position as functions of time, and
sketch or identify graphs of these components.
2) Use these expressions in analyzing the motion of a projectile that
is projected with an arbitrary initial velocity.
Table of Contents
3.1 Displacement, Velocity and Acceleration
3.2 Equations of Kinematics in Two Dimensions
3.3 Projectile Motion
3.4 Relative Velocity
Chapter 3
Motion in Two Dimensions
Section 1:
Displacement, Velocity, and
Acceleration
Motion in Two Dimensions
How do we describe an object moving across a
surface (x & y directions)?
Similar to how we described motion along a line.
Define a reference point, axes of measurement,
and positive directions.
Each Dimension is independent of the other
Think Etch-a-Sketch
Ahhh the memories
position initial =
o
r

position final = r

nt displaceme = = A
o
r r r

Displacement
t t t
o
o
A
A
=

=
r r r
v

Average velocity is the

displacement divided by
the elapsed time.
Velocity
The instantaneous
velocity indicates how fast
the car moves and the
direction of motion at each
instant of time.
t
t
A
A
=
A
r
v

0
lim
Velocity
t t t
o
o
A
A
=

=
v v v
a

DEFINITION OF AVERAGE ACCELERATION

o
v

v
v

A
Acceleration
Question #1
A truck drives due south for 1.2 km in 1.5 minutes. Then, the
truck turns and drives 1.2 km due west for 1.5 minutes. Which
one of the following statements is correct?

a) The average speed for the two segments is the same. The
average velocity for the two segments is the same.
b) The average speed for the two segments is not the same.
The average velocity for the two segments is the same.
c) The average speed for the two segments is the same. The
average velocity for the two segments is not the same.
d) The average speed for the two segments is not the same.
The average velocity for the two segments is not the same.
Question #2
A ball is rolling down one hill and up another as shown. Points A and B
are at the same height. How do the velocity and acceleration change as
the ball rolls from point A to point B?
a) The velocity and acceleration are the same at both points.
b) The velocity and the magnitude of the acceleration are the same at both
points, but the direction of the acceleration is opposite at B to the direction
it had at A.
c) The acceleration and the magnitude of the velocity are the same at both
points, but the direction of the velocity is opposite at B to the direction it
had at A.
d) The horizontal component of the velocity is the same at points A and B,
but the vertical component of the velocity has the same magnitude, but
the opposite sign at B. The acceleration at points A and B is the same.
e) The vertical component of the velocity is the same at points A and B, but
the horizontal component of the velocity has the same magnitude, but the
opposite sign at B. The acceleration at points A and B has the same
magnitude, but opposite direction.
Chapter 3
Motion in Two Dimensions
Section 2:
Equations of Kinematics in Two
Dimensions
Equations of Kinematics
2
2
1
at t v x x
o o
+ + =
at v v
o
+ =
( )
o o
x x a v v + = 2
2 2
Quick Review
Keys to Solving 2-D Problems
1. Resolve all vectors into components
x-component
Y-component
2. Work the problem as two one-dimensional
problems.
Each dimension can obey different
equations of motion.
3. Re-combine the results for the two components
at the end of the problem.
t a v v
x ox x
+ =
( )
o x ox x
x x a v v + = 2
2 2
2
2
1
,
t a t v x x
x x o o
+ + =
x component
t a v v
y oy y
+ =
2
2
1
t a t v y y
y oy o
+ + =
( )
o y oy y
y y a v v + = 2
2 2
y component
Actual motion
The x part of the motion occurs exactly as it would if the y
part did not occur at all, and vice versa.
Remember the bullet drop video!
In the x direction, the spacecraft has an initial velocity
component of +22 m/s and an acceleration of +24 m/s
2
. In the
y direction, the analogous quantities are +14 m/s and an
acceleration of +12 m/s
2
. Find (a) Ax and v
x
, (b) Ay and v
y
,
and (c) the final velocity of the spacecraft at time 7.0 s.
Example 1 A Moving
Spacecraft
In the x direction, the spacecraft has an initial velocity
component of +22 m/s and an acceleration of +24 m/s
2
. In the
y direction, the analogous quantities are +14 m/s and an
acceleration of +12 m/s
2
. Find (a) A x and v
x
, (b) A y and v
y
,
and (c) the final velocity of the spacecraft at time 7.0 s.
Ax a
x
v
x
v
ox
t
? +24.0 m/s
2
? +22 m/s 7.0 s
Ay a
y
v
y
v
oy
t
? +12.0 m/s
2
? +14 m/s 7.0 s
Example 1 A Moving Spacecraft
Ax a
x
v
x
v
ox
t
? +24.0 m/s
2
? +22 m/s 7.0 s
( )( ) ( )( ) m 740 s 0 . 7 s m 24 s 0 . 7 s m 22
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
+ = + =
+ = A t a t v x
x ox
( ) ( )( ) s m 190 s 0 . 7 s m 24 s m 22
2
+ = + =
+ = t a v v
x ox x
x component
Ay a
y
v
y
v
oy
t
? +12.0 m/s
2
? +14 m/s 7.0 s
( )( ) ( )( ) m 390 s 0 . 7 s m 12 s 0 . 7 s m 14
2
2
2
1
2
2
1
+ = + =
+ = A t a t v y
y oy
( ) ( )( ) s m 98 s 0 . 7 s m 12 s m 14
2
+ = + =
+ = t a v v
y oy y
y component
v
s m 98 =
y
v
s m 190 =
x
v
( ) ( ) s m 210 s m 98 s m 190
2 2
= + = v
u
( )

27 190 98 tan
1
= =

u
Resultant velocity
Question #3
An eagle takes off from a tree branch on the side of a
mountain and flies due west for 225 m in 19 s. Spying a
mouse on the ground to the west, the eagle dives 441 m at an
angle of 65 relative to the horizontal direction for 11 s to catch
the mouse. Determine the eagles average velocity for the
thirty second interval.
a) 19 m/s at 44 below the horizontal direction
b) 22 m/s at 65 below the horizontal direction
c) 19 m/s at 65 below the horizontal direction
d) 22 m/s at 44 below the horizontal direction
e) 25 m/s at 27 below the horizontal direction
Question #4
In two-dimensional motion in the x-y plane, what is the
relationship between the x part of the motion to the y part of
the motion?
a) The x part of the motion is independent of the y part of the
motion.
b) The y part of the motion goes as the square of the x part of
the motion.
c) The x part of the motion is linearly dependent on the y part of
the motion.
d) The x part of the motion goes as the square of the y part of
the motion.
e) If the y part of the motion is in the vertical direction, then x part
of the motion is dependent on the y part.
Question #5
Complete the following statement: In two-dimensional
motion in the x-y plane, the x part of the motion and the y
part of the motion are independent
a) only if there is no acceleration in either direction.
b) only if there is no acceleration in one of the directions.
c) only if there is an acceleration in both directions.
d) whether or not there is an acceleration in any direction.
e) whenever the acceleration is in the y direction only.
Question #6
A roller coaster car rolls from
rest down a 20
o
incline with an
acceleration of 5.0 m/s
2

How far horizontally has the
coaster travelled in 10
seconds?
a = 5.0 m/s
2

a
a
x

a
y

u
Question #7
A roller coaster car rolls from
rest down a 20
o
incline
with an acceleration of
5.0 m/s
2

How far vertically has the
coaster travelled in 10
seconds?

a = 5.0 m/s
2

a
a
x

a
y

u
Question #8
Jackson heads east at 25 km/h for 20 minutes before
heading south at 45 km/h for 20 minutes. Hunter heads
south at 45 km/h for 10 minutes before heading east at
25 km/h for 30 minutes. Which driver has the greater
average velocity, if either?

a) Jackson

b) Hunter

c) They both have the same average velocity.

Chapter 3
Motion in Two Dimensions
Section 3:
Projectile Motion
Projectile Motion
Something is fired, thrown, shot, or hurled near the
Earths surface
Horizontal velocity is constant
a
x
= 0, v
o,x
= v
x

Vertical velocity is accelerated
a
y
= g = 9.80665 m/s
2
10 m/s
2
(constant)
Air resistance is ignored
If launch angle is not horizontal or vertical
must resolve initial velocity into x and y components
The airplane is moving horizontally with a constant velocity of
+115 m/s at an altitude of 1050 m. Determine the time required
for the care package to hit the ground.
Example 3 A Falling Care Package
Ay a
y
v
y
v
oy
t
-1050 m -9.80 m/s
2
0 m/s ?
Ay a
y
v
y
v
oy
t
-1050 m -9.80 m/s
2
0 m/s ?
2
2
1
t a t v y
y oy
+ = A
2
2
1
t a y
y
=
( )
y
a
y
t
A
=
2
0
Example 4
The Velocity of the Care Package
A plane is moving horizontally with a constant
velocity of 115 m/s at an altitude of 1050 m.
Ignoring air resistance, determine the velocity of
a package just before it hits the ground.
( ) y a v v
y y o y
2
2
,
2
+ =
s m 184 = v
2 2
y x
v v v + =
( ) y a v v v
y o x o
A + + = 2
2
,
2
,
x o x
v v
,
=
( ) ( ) ( )( ) m s m s m s m v 1050 81 . 9 2 0 115
2
2 2
+ + =
v
v
x
= u cos
|
.
|

\
|
=

v
v
x
1
cos u
o
3 . 51 = u
Ay a
y
v v
o,y
v
o,x
t
-1050 m -9.80 m/s
2
? 0 m/s 115 m/s 14.6 s
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
s m
s m
184
115
Conceptual Example 5
I Shot a Bullet into the Air
Suppose you are driving a
convertible with the top
down. The car is moving to
the right at constant velocity.
You point a rifle straight up
into the air and fire it. In the
absence of air resistance,
where would the bullet land
(a) behind you
(b) ahead of you
(c) in the barrel of the rifle

A placekicker kicks a football at and angle of 40.0 degrees and
the initial speed of the ball is 22 m/s. Ignoring air resistance,
determine the maximum height that the ball attains.
Example 6 The Height of a
Kickoff
o
v
ox
v
oy
v
u
( ) s m 14 40 sin s m 22 sin = = =

u
o oy
v v
( ) s m 17 40 cos s m 22 sin = = =

u
o ox
v v
Ay a
y
v
y
v
oy
t
? -9.80 m/s
2
0 14 m/s
3.3 Projectile Motion
( ) y a v v
y y o y
2
2
,
2
+ =
Ay a
y
v
y
v
oy
t
? -9.80 m/s
2
0 14 m/s
y
oy y
a
v v
y
2
2 2

= A
( )
( )
2
2
s m 8 . 9 2
s m 14 0

= Ay
m 10 + =
What is the time of flight between kickoff and landing?
Example 7
The Time of Flight of a Kickoff
Ay a
y
v
y
v
oy
t
0 -9.80 m/s
2
14 m/s ?
2
2
1
,
t a t v y
y y o
+ = A
s 9 . 2 = t
( ) t a v t y
y y o
2
1
,
0 + = = A s 0 = t
t a v
y y o
2
1
,
0 + =
y
y o
a
v
t
,
2
=
( )
2
80 . 9
14 2
s m
s m

=
Calculate the range R of the projectile.
Example 8
The Range of a Kickoff
Ax a
x
v
x
V
o,x
t
? 0 17 m/s 2.9 s
2
2
1
,
t a t v
x x o
x + = A
m x 49 + = A
( )( ) s s m x 9 . 2 17 = A
0
Question #9
A diver running 1.8 m/s dives out horizontally from
the edge of a vertical cliff and 3.0 s later reaches the
water below. How high was the cliff?
-
h
d
v
Question #10
A diver running 1.8 m/s dives out horizontally from the
edge of a vertical cliff and 3.0 s later reaches the water
below. How far from its base did the diver hit the water?
-
h
d
v
Question #11
When a football in a field goal attempt reaches
its maximum height, how does its speed
compare to its initial speed?
a) It is zero.
b) It is equal to its initial speed.
c) It is greater than its initial speed.
d) It is less than its initial speed.
Question #12
The Zambezi River flows over Victoria Falls in Africa. The
falls are approximately 108 m high. If the river is flowing
horizontally at 3.6 m/s just before going over the falls,
what is the speed of the water when it hits the bottom?
Assume the water is in freefall as it drops.
Question #13
An astronaut on the planet Zircon tosses a rock horizontally
with a speed of 6.75 m/s. The rock falls a distance of 1.20 m
and lands a horizontal distance of 8.95 m from the astronaut.
What is the acceleration due to gravity on Zircon?
For The Adventurous
Here are some more advanced equations.
They are not given on the equation sheet
You are free to use them if they are memorized
You can have programs stored in your calc
Unlikely you will need them, but
Vertical Position Equation
u
v
o

h
x
y
Vertical Position as a function
of v
o
, u, and horizontal position
u sin
, o y o
v v =
2
,
2
1
gt t v y
y o
= A
2
,
2
1
t a t v x
x x o
+ = A
u cos
, o x o
v v =
u cos
o
v
x
t
A
=
2
cos 2
1
cos
sin
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
A A
A
u u
u
o o
o
v
x
g
v
x
v y
( )
( )
u
u
2 2
2
cos 2
tan
o
v
x g
x y
A
A A =
0
Maximum Height
gt v v
o y
= u sin 0 =
g
v
t
o
top
u sin
=
u
v
o

h
Equation for the maximum
Height of a projectile.
At max height,
v
y
= 0
( )
2
2
1
sin t g t v y
o
= A u
( )
2
sin
2
1 sin
sin
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
= A
g
v
g
g
v
v y
o o
o
u u
u
g
v
y
o
2
sin
2 2
max
u
= A
Range Equation
( )t v x
o
u cos = A
( )
2
2
1
sin t g t v y
o
= A u
g
v
t
o
u sin 2
=
( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
= A
g
v
v x
o
o
u
u
sin 2
cos
( ) u u u cos sin 2 2 sin =
( ) u 2 sin
2
g
v
x
o
= A
( ) u u cos sin
2
2
g
v
x
o
= A
0 =
u
v
o

d
Chapter 3
Motion in Two Dimensions
Section 4:
Relative Velocity
Relative Motion Problems
Describe motion of an object from some fixed point
Relative motion problems are difficult to do unless one applies
vector addition concepts
Define a vector for an object velocity relative to the fluid, and
another for the velocity of the fluid relative to the observer.
Add two vectors together.
TG PT PG
v v v

+ =
velocity of person
relative to the ground
velocity of person
relative to the train
velocity of train
relative to the ground
The engine of a boat drives it across a river that is 1800m wide.
The velocity of the boat relative to the water is 4.0m/s directed
perpendicular to the current. The velocity of the water relative
to the shore is 2.0m/s.

(a) What is the velocity of the
boat relative to the shore?


(b) How long does it take for
the boat to cross the river?
Example 11 Crossing a River
( ) ( )
2 2
s m 0 . 2 s m 0 . 4 + =
BS
v
WS BW BS
v v v

+ =
|
.
|

\
|
=

0 . 2
0 . 4
tan
1
u
Ax v
BW
v
WS
v
BS
t
1800m 4.0m/s 2.0m/s ? ?
2 2
WS BW BS
v v v + =
s m 5 . 4 =
BS
v
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

WS
BW
v
v
1
tan u

63 =
s m 4.0
m 1800
= t
Ax v
BW
v
WS
t
1800m 4.0m/s 2.0m/s ?
BW
v
x
t
A
=
s 450 =
2
2
1
at t v x
BW
+ = A
0
Question #14
You are trying to cross a river that flows due south
with a strong current. You start out in your motorboat
on the east bank desiring to reach the west bank
directly west from your starting point. You should
head your motorboat
a) due west.
b) due north.
c) in a southwesterly direction.
d) in a northwesterly direction.
Question #15
At an air show, three planes are flying horizontally due
east. The velocity of plane A relative to plane B is v
AB
;
the velocity of plane A relative to plane C is v
AC
; and
the velocity of plane B relative to plane C is v
BC
.
Determine v
AB
if v
AC
= +10 m/s and v
BC
= +20 m/s?
a) 10 m/s b) +10 m/s
c) 20 m/s d) +20 m/s
e) zero m/s
Question #16
A train is traveling due east at a speed of 26.8 m/s relative to
the ground. A passenger is walking toward the front of the
train at a speed of 1.7 m/s relative to the train. Directly
overhead the train is a plane flying horizontally due west at a
speed of 257.0 m/s relative to the ground. What is the
horizontal component of the velocity of the airplane with
respect to the passenger on the train?
a) 258.7 m/s, due west b) 285.5 m/s, due west
c) 226.8 m/s, due west d) 231.9 m/s, due west
e) 257.0 m/s, due west
Question #17
Sailors are throwing a football on the deck of an aircraft carrier as it is sailing with a
constant velocity due east. Sailor A is standing on the west side of the flight deck
while sailor B is standing on the east side. Sailors on the deck of another aircraft
carrier that is stationary are watching the football as it is being tossed back and
forth as the first carrier passes. Assume that sailors A and B throw the football
with the same initial speed at the same launch angle with respect to the horizontal,
do the sailors on the stationary carrier see the football follow the same parabolic
trajectory as the ball goes east to west as it does when it goes west to east?
a) Yes, to the stationary sailors, the trajectory the ball follows is the same whether
it is traveling west to east or east to west.
b) No, to the stationary sailors, the length of the trajectory appears shorter as it
travels west to east than when it travels east to west.
c) No, to the stationary sailors, the ball appears to be in the air for a much longer
time when it is traveling west to east than when it travels east to west.
d) No, to the stationary sailors, the length of the trajectory appears longer as it
travels west to east than when it travels east to west.
e) No, to the stationary sailors, the ball appears to be in the air for a much shorter
time when it is traveling west to east than when it travels east to west.
Question #18
Cars A and B are moving away from each other as car A moves
due north at 25 m/s with respect to the ground and car B moves
due south at 15 m/s with respect to the ground. What are the
velocities of the other car according to the two drivers?
a) Car A is moving due north at 25 m/s; and car B is moving due
south at 15 m/s.
b) Car A is moving due south at 25 m/s; and car B is moving due
north at 15 m/s.
c) Car A is moving due north at 40 m/s; and car B is moving due
south at 40 m/s.
d) Car A is moving due south at 40 m/s and car B is moving due
north at 40 m/s.
e) Car A is moving due north at 15 m/s and car B is moving due
south at 25 m/s.
Question #19
John always paddles his canoe at constant speed v with respect
to the still water of a river. One day, the river current was due
west and was moving at a constant speed that was close to v
with respect to that of still water. John decided to see whether
making a round trip across the river and back, a north-south trip,
would be faster than making a round trip an equal distance east-
west. What was the result of Johns test?
a) The time for the north-south trip was greater than the time for
the east-west trip.
b) The time for the north-south trip was less than the time for the
east-west trip.
c) The time for the north-south trip was equal to the time for the
east-west trip.
d) One cannot tell because the exact speed of the river with
respect to still water is not given.
Question #20
A boat attempts to cross a river. The boats speed with
respect to the water is 12.0 m/s. The speed of the river
current with respect to the river bank is 6.0 m/s. At what
angle should the boat be directed so that it crosses the
river to a point directly across from its starting point?

|
|
.
|

\
|
=

BW
WS
v
v
1
sin u
6.0m/s
u
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

s m
s m
12
0 . 6
sin
1
u