Dr.

Faisal Asghar Imam

a group is any collection of individuals who

perceive themselves to be a group Charles Handy any number of people who (1) interact with one another (2) are psychologically aware of one another and (3) perceive themselves to be a group Schein

 Fraser 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Interaction Perception Goals Roles Norms Affective relations

 Management

succeeds or fails in proportion as it is accepted without reservation by the group as authority and leader. Elton Mayo Understanding the element of perception & culture. The importance of Social Controls on productivity and management. The alignment of individual and group goals leads to more commitment, satisfaction and productivity.

Formal Organizational Functions

Complex,

interrelated tasks A means of generating new ideas Facilitate implementation of decisionparticipation Socialization- internalized control

Individual Functions A means of developing a sense of identity & self esteem A means of defining reality Fulfilling Affiliation needs Reducing anxiety & powerlessness help & support

 REMEMBER:

The critical importance of alignment of individual and group needs

 Formal

& Informal groups Dalton identified three types of cliqueshorizontal, vertical and random Informal groups can facilitate communication Informal groups can also be disruptive and restrictive- Hawthorne Studies

 FORMING

a set of individuals goals, roles and controls

STORMING NORMING

cohesion and identity energy for completion of

PERFORMING-

tasks

In certain situations the group rapidly goes through these stages (If people are committed, if individual and group needs are aligned or if the task is too important-common enemy) Sometimes it would take a longer time for these stages (the task of the manager to know the stage the group is at). Certain organizational cultures do not encourage storming, which leads to politiking. A misconception- groups only perform at the performing stage.

 Conformity-

degree of influence by the

group Experiments of Solomon Asch; 1. Distortion of perception 2. Distortion of judgment 3. Distortion of action Power comes from unanimity & cohesion

how strongly they are attracted to groups. Why members stay members Size Frequency of interaction Agreement on goals Inter group competition Age of members Shared background

 Large

size Disagreement on goals Intra group competition Discussion dominated by few members

Sherif and Sherif Intra group behavior 1. More cohesion 2. Concern with task needs 3. Autocratic leadership Inter group behavior 1. Diminished interaction 2. Stereotyping and selective perception 3. Distorted perception on forced interaction

 Locating

a common enemy-emphasis on organizational goals Frequent rotation Encourage communication

 The
1. 2. 3.

group becomes too cohesive

4.
5. 6. 7. 8.

Invulnerability Rationalization Inherent morality Stereotype Direct pressure Self censorship Unanimity Mind guards

 Leon 1. 2.

Festinger Propinquity Social Comparison theory The Balance Theory The Exchange Theory Collective Goals