Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
This advance module will be providing multi skill training to meet the skill requirement of electrical sector of industries. Transmission & distribution of electric energy have being developed since 20th century. Bulk power is generated in power station which is very efficient so transmission & distribution must be required. Because of transmission & distribution, all consumers & industries get electricity.
COURSE CONTENTS
-:THEORY: Horn gap switches Disconnect switches Grounding switches Surge arrestors Current limiting reactors Instrument transformer Protection of system Protective devices Relays
COURSE CONTENTS
-:THEORY:-
Introduction of transmission Methods of power transmission Mechanical aspects of overhead line Electrical aspects of overhead line Underground cable Cable jointing Substation construction Substation equipment Power transformer Circuit breaker
OBJECTIVE
To discuss need of transmission of electric power & its advantages & disadvantages. To discuss material used for conductors, insulators & their characteristics. To discuss protective devices & equipment used in sub station. To repair & maintain equipment used in different types of lines & substation. To understand the concept of cable jointing.
TRANSMISSION METHODS.
v. Step-down transformer.
vi.Protective device. vii.Regulator.
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
CONSISTANCE OF TYPICAL POWER SUPPLY SCHEME Generating station Primary transmission Secondary transmission Primary distribution Secondary distribution
D.C.TRANSMISION
D.C.TWO WIRE SYSTEM. MID POINT EARTH TYPE SYSTEM.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF POLES.
CLASSIFICATION OF INSULATORS.
STRING EFFICIENCY.
Conductor
Earth Wire.
Line support
Line Insulator
SUPPORT
*FUNCTION: It provides support to overhead conductor. * SUPPORT AS A: Tower Pole
(C)HIGH ACCESSIBILITY
Letasied tow
Single pole
TYPES OF INSULATORS
STRING EFFCIENCY
DIFFERENT METHODS TO INCREASE STRING EFFICIENCY:-
Types of method to Increase the String Efficiency. (A)Use of long Cross arm. (B) Grading on Insulator. (C) Use of Grading Ring.
CORONA
SOLUTION OF CORONA.
REASON OF CORONA.
CORONA
FACTORS AFFECTING ON CORONA LOSS:-
Factors affecting on corona loss. (1)Condition on the Atmosphere. (2) Potential difference Between two conductor.
CORONA
METHODS USED TO REDUCE CORONA LOSS:-
SAG
FACTORS AFFECTING ON SAG:-
Ice coating
Wind pressure. Tempressure.
Capacitance.
Inductance.
Resistance
INSULATOR
CONDUCTOR
SUPPORT
Nominal END Capacitance Short length Single Phase line. Short length three Phase line. Long length transmission Line.
TRANSMISSION LINE
CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSMISSION LINE:-
UNDERGROUND CABLE
UNDERGROUND CABLE
CLASSIFICATION OF CABLE:1. Low voltage (L.T.) cable (operating
Voltage up to 1 KV 2. High voltage (H.T) Cable (operating voltage Up to 11 KV) 3.Super tension (S.T) Cable (operating voltage Up to 33 KV.)
v. Step-down transformer.
vi.Protective device. vii.Regulator.
APPLICATIONS OF INSULATOR
TYPES
Pine type Suspension type Strain type
APPLICATIONS
L.T., H.T. distribution Not above 66 kv O.h. transmission More than 33 kv At the end or sharp curve As strain insulator on L.T. distribution
Shackle type
TYPES OF CABLE
UNDERGROUND CABLE
Core Belted paper Lead sheath
Bedding
Single wire armoring Overall Serving
UNDERGROUND CABLE
EXTRA SUPER VOLTAGE CABLE:Oil filled cables. (A) Single core oil filled cables used up to 132 KV. (B) Three core oil filled cables used up to 66 KV. Gas pressure cables. (A) External pressure cables. (B) Internal pressure cable. (a) High pressure gas filled cable. (b) Gas cushion cable. (c) Impregnated pressure cable
Polyvinyle chloride
Enamel Insulation.
Rubber.
UNDERGROUND CABLE
REQUIRED PROPERTIES OF INSULATING MATERIALS FOR CABLE:High resitivity. High dielectric strength. Low thermal co-efficient. Low water absorption. Low permittivity. Non inflammable. Chemical stability. High mechanical strength. High viscosity at impregnation temperature. Capability to with stand high rupturing voltage. High tensile strength and plasticity.
1.Solid system.
2.Direct laying.
3. Draw-in System.
1. Insulating fault between line and earth. 2. Insulation fail between two core. 3. Open circuit fault.
SUBSTATION
TESTING OF INSULATOR
Testing of insulator.
(2)Performance test
(3)Routine test
SUBSTATION
FUNCTION OF SUBSTATION: The main functions of sub-station are to receive energy transmitted at high voltage from the generating station, reduce to a value appropriate for local distribution and provide facilities for switching.
4. Circuit breaker.
5. Load interrupter switches. 6. Fuses. 7. Power transformer. 8. Current transformer and potential transformer. 9. Control cable.
SUBSTATION
CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTATION:-
According to Service
1.Transformer sub-station 2.Industrial sub-station 3.Switching sub-station 4.Synchronous sub-station 5.Frequency sub-station 6.Converting sub-station.
SUBSTATION
CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTATION:-
SUBSTATION
MAIN EQUIPMENTS USED IN SUBSTATION:-
2.Insulator.
3.Isolator.
4.Circuit breaker.
6.Fuses.
7.Power transformer.
8.Current & potential 9.Indicating &Metering Transformer. Instrument. 11.Carrier current Equipment. 12.Control cable.
10.Protective relays.
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
TYPES OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM:-
1.Primary distribution.
2.Secondary distribution.
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
MAIN PARTS OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM:-
3.Service mains.
2.Distributor..
1.Feeder
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
METHODS OF FEEDING A DISTRIBUTOR:1.Redial system.
SWITH GEAR
SWITCH GEAR.
BUS-BAR SYSTEM. INTRODUCTION OF SWITCH GEAR EQUIPEMENTS.
2.Bus bar.
Equipment
3.Fuses.
4.Protective relay.
Single bus bar system used in D.C. and A.C. power station. Single bus bar system with sectionalization. Ring bus bar system. Duplicate bus bar system.
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
TYPES OF FAULTS IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM:1.Over Current. 2.Under Voltage.
3.Unbalence Voltage.
4.Reversed power
5.Surge.
BUCHOLZ RELAYS.
2.Sensitivity.
3.Selectivity. 4.Descrimination.
1.Solenoid type.
Types of relay.
2.Buchholz Relay.
INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER
TYPES OF INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER:-
CURRENT TRANSFORMER
POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER
CIRCUIT BREAKERS.
WORKING PRINCIPA L OF CIRCUIT BRAKER.
E.L.C.B.
CIRCUIT BREAKERS.
M.C.B.
DISADVA NTAGES.
ADVANT AGES.
DISCONNECT SWITCHES
Construction on H.T. Line. Utilization on L.T. Line. Construction on H.T. Line. Utilization on L.T. Line.
GROUNDING SWITCHES
Construction on H.T. Line. Utilization on L.T. Line. Construction on H.T. Line. Utilization on L.T. Line.
SURGE ARRESTORS
Construction on H.T. Line. Utilization on L.T. Line. Construction on H.T. Line. Utilization on L.T. Line.
INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER
CURRENT TRANSFORMER Series connection Step up transformer Never open secondary POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER Parallel connection Step down transformer Should be open secondary
CIRCUIT BREAKER
TYPES OF CIRCUIT BREAKERS:Vacuum circuit breaker
2.Insulation.
3.Operating Mechanism.
CIRCUIT BREAKER-SF6
FUSE.
FUSE.
TYPES OF MATERIAL USED IN FUSE WIRE:-
Lead.
Copper.
Tin
Silver.
Rewireable fuse. Cartridge type fuse. Drop out fuse. High capacity H.R.C. fuse. High voltage H.R.C. fuse.
FUSE.
TYPES OF FUSES:Rewireable fuse. Cartridge type fuse. Drop out fuse. High capacity H.R.C. fuse. High voltage H.R.C. fuse.
TRANSFORMER
TYPES OF TRANSFORMER:ACCORDING TO CORE:1.Shell type 2.Core type ACCORDING TO COOLING:1.Air natural 4.air forced 2.water natural 5.water forced 3.oil natural 6.oil forced
TRANSFORMER
Construction Working Performance Cooling Parallel operation Tap changing Selsyn drive
Unbalance voltage.
Reversed power. Surges.
TYPES OF RELAYS.
I. Solenoid relay. II. Attracted armature type relay. III. Electrodynamics type. IV. Moving type relay.
Reliability.
Quickness. Non- interference with future extension.
TYPES OF M.C.B.
TRANSFORMER.
TRANSFORMER.
TYPES OF TRANSFORMER:Power transformer. Auto transformer. Transformer for Feeding installation with static converters. Testing of transformer. Power transformer for special application.
CONSTRUCION OF TRANSFORMER:-
CONSTRUCTION OF TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER.
VARIOUS TYPES OF LOSSES IN TRANSFORMER:-
Various types of losses. Iron & core losses. Hysterics loss. Copper losses.
TRANSFORMER
TRANSFORMER OIL:Its mineral oil obtained by refine crude petroleum. It serves the following purpose. Provide additional insulation. Carries away the heat generated in the core & coils. Protects the paper from dirt & moisture.