NUCLEAR MODELS

Shell model Collective model Fermi gas model Liquid drop model Compound nuclear model Direct interaction model Optical model

The Shell Model

G. Gamow and W Elsaser M G Mayer and JHD Jensen The magic number : 2,8,20,28,50,82,126 for neutrons 2,8,20,28,50,82 for proton These magic numbers are NOT as STRONG as in the case of the atomic structure

Evidence for the shell structure :

Number of stable isotopes see (Pb, Tl, Bi) (Ca, K, Sc) (Sn, In, Sb) Number of stable isotone see for N=20, N=19 and N=21 see for N=49, N=51 and N=50

Evidence for the shell structure :

Natural Isotopic abundances of the nuclides see (Sr, Ba, Ce, Pb) see (Zr, Mo, Ru, Nd, Sm) Decay Product of Radioactive Series thorium series : Pb-208 uranium series : Pb-206 actinium series : Pb-207 neptunium series : Bi-209

Evidence for the shell structure :

Neutron Capture cross section Ca-40 and Pb-208 have low nccs see Xe-135 and V-50 Binding energy of the last neutron or proton Spontaneous neutron emitter
See O-17, Kr-87, Xe-137, Kr-89

The electric quadrupole Moments

Analisis for the shell structure :

Solution of Schrodinger Wave Equation Particle moving in spherically symmetric field A potential function
The total quantum number, n The angular momentum quantum number l Set quantum number (n,l,j,ml)

Potential function :
The square well potential The harmonic oscillator potential The combined of them
Draw the graph here !!

The spin orbit coupling model

Two level corresponding to j=l-1/2 and j=l+1/2 j=l+1/2 has less energy see diktat (pers III.24) Graph the shell model

Applications :
Nuclear spins and parities (for the ground state) In a completely filled level, the orbital angular momenta and spins of the nucleons add in such a way as to give a zero resultant total angular momentum In the level that are not completelly filled, the nucleons form PAIRS (proton-proton, neutron-neutron, but NO proton-neutron

Rules of coupling :
The groundstate of EVEN-EVEN nuclei have ZERO angular momentum and EVEN parity (regardless of the number of protons and neutrons) In a nucleus with an EVEN-N and ODD-Z, the groundstate properties are determined by the PROTON (the last odd proton) If EVEN-Z and ODD-N, determined by the LAST neutron

Gambarkan pengisian nukleon dan tentukan spin dan paritas inti :

C-12 C-13 O-17 O-18 Na-23 Ca-40 Ca-43

Spin and Paritas :

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