DISTILLATION TYPES

DHAVAL PRAJAPATI (10BPE078)

What is Unit Operation? Unit operation is a something in which only physical changes are takeing place. What is Unit Process? Unit process is a something in which physical changes are takeing place as well as chemical changes.

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Distillation types

What is distillation?

Distillation is a unit operation in which constituents of liquid mixture are separated using thermal energy

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Distillation types

Distillation
Unit operation in which constituents of liquid mixture are separated using thermal energy Difference in vapor pressure at same temperature is responsible The phases involved are vapor and liquid Vapor is always richer in the more volatile component than liquid from which it is formed Also known as fractionation Example: Separation of petroleum crude into gasoline, kerosene, fuel oil, etc
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Types of Distillation
Simple Distillation Fractional Distillation Steam Distillation Vacuum Distillation Flash Distillation Batch Distillation Continuous Distillation
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Simple Distillation

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Distillation types

Simple Distillation
Hot vapors produced are immediately channeled into a condenser that cools and condenses the vapors. The distillate will not be pure Distilled composition identical to that vapors at the given temperature and pressure To separate liquids whose boiling points differ greatly
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Fractional Distillation

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Fractional Distillation
Boiling points of the components in a mixture are sufficiently close Rectification is done i.e repeated vaporizationcondensation cycles within a packed fractionating column As the solution to be purified is heated, its vapors rise to the fractionating column. As it rises, it cools, condensing on the condenser walls and the surfaces of the packing material. Condensate continues to be heated by the rising hot vapors; it vaporizes again Each vaporization-condensation cycle will yield a purer solution of the more volatile component.
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Steam Distillation

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Steam Distillation
Distil compounds which are heat-sensitive Temperature of the steam is easier to control than surface of a heating element Steam reduces the boiling point of the substance to be distilled Heat of steam will vaporize the distilled content Vapor mixture is cooled and condensed, usually yielding a layer of oil and a layer of water

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Vacuum Distillation
For compounds having very high boiling points it is better to lower the pressure instead of increasing the temperature for boiling Once the pressure is lowered to the vapor pressure of the compound (at the given temperature), boiling and the rest of the distillation process can commence.
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Flash Distillation

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Flash Distillation
Flash Distillation is simplest method of distillation Also known as equilibrium distillation Carried out in a continuous manner Feed stream is flashed into a chamber or flash drum and the liquid and vapor are allowed to separate under equilibrium. Feed is heated in a tubular heat exchanger Hot liquid mixture is then fed to a separator via pressure reducing valve whereby pressure is reduced and vapor is formed.
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Batch Distillation
Mixture is distilled to separate it into its component fractions before the distillation still is again charged with more mixture and the process is repeated. The feedstock is added and the distillate drawn off without interruption. Batch distillation has always been an important part of the production of seasonal, or low capacity and high-purity chemicals
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Continuous Distillation
Feed and products together containing the same amount of total material, are continuously removed. Heat is added to the re-boiler and removed at the condenser. The re-boiler vaporizes some of the liquid, which then follows a treacherous path to the top of the column where it is re-condensed. Along the way most of the high boiling compounds will be left behind, and the distillate will be quite pure. To further aid the separation process some of the liquid distillate is often returned to the column where it flows back to the bottom.
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 Composition of the distillate and bottoms in batch distillation changes over time Continuous column operates under steady conditions where the composition at a given location does not change over time. This steady state operation is desired in almost all continuous unit operations.
Because the composition only depends upon the position in the column additional product streams can be easily tapped at different heights and each tray will have a different composition of compounds.

Trays at the top of the column are rich in light boiling compounds while those at the bottom are rich in compounds that only boil at high temperatures
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