FISIOLOGI OLAH RAGA

Function of Cardiorespiratory System

Transportation of O2 and CO2 Transportation of nutrients/waste products

Distribution of hormones
Thermoregulation Maintenance of blood pressure

Role of the Heart

Moving O2 from lungs to working muscle

Carry metabolism waste from tissue to excretion organ

Cardiac output
Cardiac output (Q) = Stroke volume (SV) Heart rate (HR) examples rest: SV = 75 ml; HR = 60 bpm; Q = 4.5 L/min exercise: SV = 130 ml; HR = 180 bpm; Q = 23.4 L/min Increased Cardiac Output Increase in HR & SV Enhances oxygen and fuel delivery to active skeletal muscle and heart and speeds delivery of carbon dioxide

Reflex control of cardiac output

Primary regulators cardiovascular control center (medulla) w/ activation of motor cortex, parallel activation of sympathetic/parasympathetic nerves parasympathetic inhibition predominates at HR <~100 bpm sympathetic stimulation predominates at HR >~100 bpm skeletal muscle afferents sense mechanical and metabolic environment

Reflex control of cardiac output

Secondary regulator arterial baroreceptors located in carotid bodies and aortic arch respond to arterial pressure Reset during exercise

Cardiac Regulation
Intrinsic control Frank-Starling Principle
Ca2+ influx w/ myocardial stretch

Extrinsic control autonomic nervous system

sympathetic NS (1 control at HR >100 bpm)
parasympathetic NS (1 control at HR <100 bpm)

peripheral input
chemoreceptors, baroreceptors, muscle afferents

hormonal
EPI, NE (catecholamines)

Humoral Chemoreceptors
Pao2 Not normally involved in control Paco2 Central PaCO2 chemoreceptors are 1st control factor at rest H+ Peripheral H+ chemoreceptors are important factor during high-intensity exercise

Cardiac output affected by:

Preload end diastolic pressure (amount of myocardial stretch) Afterload resistance blood encounters as it leaves ventricles

Contractility strength of cardiac contraction

Heart rate

Factors Involved in Regulation of Cardiac Output

Blood redistribution during exercise

Blood distribution
muscles to 88% of all blood other tissues (except brain) Redistribution of blood to the working muscles by reducing blood flow to the kidneys, stomach, liver and intestines.

Redistribution of blood to the skin in order to maintain body temperature.

Increased metabolic rate of working muscles

Effect of blood redistribution

Increases skin blood flow Helps remove heat Decreased blood flow to kidneys Diminished urinary output and maintenance of blood volume Decreased visceral blood flow Reduced activity in gastrointestinal tract Vasoconstriction in the spleen Increases blood volume Maintenance or slight increase in brain blood flow Increased blood flow to coronary arteries Increased muscle blood flow

Cardiovascular Responses to Exercise

Blood Flow to Muscles Major portion of exercise cardiac output are delivered to the working muscles Rest: 4-7 ml of blood are delivered each minute to every 100g of muscle increases steadily until maximal average 50-75 per 100g

Cardiovascular Responses to Exercise

Blood Flow to Muscles Contraction.

Dilation of local arterioles Peripheral vessels constrict

Allowing blood flow to active muscles

Cardiovascular Response to Exercise

Figure 25-7: Distribution of cardiac output at rest and during exercise

Copyright 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Distribution of cardiac output at rest and during exercise

Effect of exercise on blood distribution

Cardiovascular Response to Exercise

Increased stroke volume only up to 40%-60% of maximal capacity & then caused by reduced filling time at higher heart rate

increased volume of venous blood return

increased muscle pumping of venous blood

increased breathing (thoracic pressure)

supine positions

Cardiovascular Response to Exercise

Increased ventrical enlargement capacity Frank-starling law: when the ventricle stretches more, it will contract with more force. Increased ventrical contractility Aortic or pulmonary artery pressure

Cardiovascular Response to Exercise

Increased heart rate / cardiac output Anticipatory response (increased heart rate before exercise) Caused by the release of epinephrine
Steady state heart rate: during steady exercise Maximum heart rate = 220 - age

Cardiovascular Response to Exercise

Systolic B.P. increases with intensity valsalva during resistance exercise increased use of upper body musculature Diastolic B. P. does not change

Cardiovascular Response to Exercise

Autoregulation is triggered by low muscle PO2

Cardiovascular drift: increased H.R. compensates for a decreased S.V. from a decreased total blood volume to maintain Q. redistribution
decreased blood plasma

Cardiovascular drift (CVD, CVdrift)

Phenomenon where some cardiovascular responses begin a time dependent change, or "drift" after around 10 minutes of exercise in a warm or neutral environment. It is characterised:decreases in MAP and SV and a parallel increase in HR.

Cardiovascular drift (CVD, CVdrift)

It is influenced by: ambient temperature, hydration and the amount of muscle tissue activated during exercise. To promote cooling blood flow to the skin is increased, resulting in a shift in fluids from blood plasma to the skin tissue decrease in pulmonary arterial pressure and reduced stroke volume in the heart.
To maintain cardiac output at reduced pressurethe heart rate must be increased.

Cardiovascular Responses to Exercise

Increased A-V O2 difference: representing the amount of O2 extracted from the blood to be used by the muscles. Decreased plasma volume =decreased performance increased blood pressure forces water from the vascular system to the interstitial spaces. increased intramuscular osmotic pressure attracts fluid to the muscles. sweating

Cardiovascular Responses to Exercise

Increased blood viscosity

decreasing O2 transport
Decreased blood pH level

Cardiovascular Endurance

Definition: The ability of the heart, lungs, and blood vessels to deliver adequate amounts of oxygen to the cells to meet the demands of prolonged physical activity.

Oxygen Consumption VO

Resting 3.5 ml (one metabolic equivalent MET) of oxygen per kilogram of body weight per minute

ml/kgBW/min
Maximal oxygen normal 25-80 ml*kg-1*min-1 or 7.1 to 22.9 METs

Components of Oxygen Uptake

VO2 (l/min) = heart rate x stroke volume x a-vO2 diff
Number of times the heart beats per minute. (220-age = MHR) * Maximal HR drops about one b/yr starting at 12 yr * Normal Heart rate can range from 40-200

Heart Rate

Cardiac Output

Stroke Volume

Amount of blood pumped by the heart in one beat. * 50 ml per beat (untrained) to 200ml (trained)

Arterial-Venous Oxygen Difference

Amount of oxygen removed from the blood in a given tim period. (a-vO2 difference)

Oxygen Consumption: Factors Sustaining or Limiting Exercise

Figure 25-4: Changes in oxygen consumption during and after exercise

Cardiovascular Responses to Exercise

Increased Cardiac Output

SV*HR
May increase 4X 5L/min to 2022L/min Stroke Volume begins to plateau at about 5060%VO2max Average college men: 100-115 ml/beat Average college women: 25% less Cardiovascular Drift

Cardiovascular Responses to Exercise

Cardiac Output at Rest Average HR 70bpm

Stroke Volume 71 ml/beat

Trained HR 50bpm Stroke Volume 100ml/beat

Cardiac Output during Exercise

Average=5 to 20-22 L/min Trained=5 to 35-40 L/min

Equation: Trained vs. Untrained

195bpm x 113ml= 22,000ml/min 195bpm x 179ml= 35,000ml/min

Cardiovascular Responses to Exercise

Conclusions about Cardiac Output:
Max SV is considerably larger during rest and exercise in trained
Heart volume increase Increased filling (preload) Increase in venous return Contractility increases Frank-Starling Mechanism Can increase Cardiac Output 1520%

Cardiovascular Responses to Exercise

Cardiac Output increases the greatest during transition from rest to exercise in trained
Heart Rate increases linearly with intensity Untrained individuals have very little increase in SV from rest to exercise, main increase in Cardiac Output is HR

Cardiovascular Responses to Exercise

Heart Rate during exercise HR and VO2 are linear

Trained will experience a higher level of exercise and oxygen uptake before reaching a HR compared to untrained Oxygen uptake during moderate exercise, HR of an athlete averages 70 bpm lower than sedentary
Maximal HR drops about one b/yr starting at 12 yr Normal Heart rate can range from 40-200

Cardiovascular Responses to Exercise

A-vO2 Difference

The difference in the oxygen content between arterial and venous blood
Untrained at Rest

Only 5 ml of oxygen is used from the 20 ml of oxygen in each 100 ml of arterial blood that passes through capillaries 75% of bloods original oxygen load still remains bound to hemoglobin

Cardiovascular Responses to Exercise

Trained

Trained athletes have an increased a-vO2 difference

Increase in capillaries Increase in blood volume Shunting blood to working muscles Increase in mitochondria density

Cardiovascular Responses to Exercise

Opens dormant capillaries At rest, only 1 of every 30-40 capillaries is active

Opening provides the following:

Provides for a significant increase in muscle blood flow This increase can be delivered with only a minimal increase in velocity of flow Enhanced capillaries increases the effective surface for exchange between the blood and muscle cells

Cardiovascular Responses to Exercise

Blood Flow to Muscles Cont. Capillaries Capillary to Fiber ratio (average 2.0 capillaries per fibers)

Increase has been shown with training (5-20%)

Increases diffusion distance for oxygen and metabolic substrates

Increases transit time, which prolongs the passive exchange of gases that is essential for prolonged performance
Blood slowly travels through the capillary, gasses and metabolites diffuse from the blood into the muscle cell

Homeostatic Balancing of Exercise: Controlled Disruption

Feed forward reflexes Anticipate demand Heart & lungs Protective reflexes Stretch damage Temperature sweating peripheral blood flow redistribution Blood pressure constant

Homeostatic Balancing of Exercise: Controlled Disruption

Figure 25-8: Peripheral resistance and arterial blood pressure during exercise

Health Advantages of Regular Exercise: Quality of Life Cardiovascular disease risks: heart attack, stroke, high BP
blood pressure

LDL & triglycerides

HDL risks for diabetes [blood [glucose] obesity stress association

immune function (to a point)