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Eukaryotic
Aerobic or facultatively anaerobic
Chemoheterotrophic
Most are decomposers
Mycology is the study of fungi
Mycology: The Study of Fungi
Table 12.2
Fungi
Table 12.1
Molds
Figure 12.2
Yeasts
Unicellular fungi
Fission yeasts divide symmetrically
Budding yeasts divide asymmetrically
Figure 12.3
Dimorphism
Pathogenic
dimorphic
fungi are
yeastlike at
37°C and
moldlike at
25°C
Figure 12.4
Fungal Life Cycle
Figure 12.7
Fungal Diseases (Mycoses)
Systemic mycoses: Deep within body
Subcutaneous mycoses: Beneath the skin
Cutaneous mycoses: Affect hair, skin, and
nails
Superficial mycoses: Localized, e.g., hair
shafts
Opportunistic mycoses: Caused by normal
microbiota or environmental fungi
Asexual Spores
Sporangiosphore
Conidiospore
Arthrospore
Blastoconidium
Chlamydospore
Figure 12.1
Conidiospores
Figure 12.5a–c
Sexual Reproduction
Figure 12.6
Sexual Spores
Ascospore: Formed in a sac (ascus).
Figure 12.7
Sexual Spores
Basidiospore: Formed externally on a
pedestal (basidium).
Figure 12.8
Zygomycota
Conjugation fungi
Coenocytic
Produce sporangiospores and zygospores
Rhizopus, Mucor (opportunistic, systemic
mycoses)
Zygomycete Life Cycle
Figure 12.6
Ascomycota
Sac fungi
Septate
Produce ascospores and frequently
conidiospores.
Aspergillus (opportunistic, systemic mycosis)
Blastomyces dermatitidis, Histoplasma
capsulatum (systemic mycoses)
Microsporum, Trichophyton (cutaneous
mycoses)
Ascomycete Life Cycle
Figure 12.7
Basidiomycota
Club fungi
Septate
Produce basidiospores and sometimes
conidiospores.
Cryptococcus neoformans (systematic mycosis)
Basidiomycete Life Cycle
Figure 12.8
Anamorphs
Teleomorphic fungi
Produce sexual and asexual spores.
Anamorphic fungi
Produce asexual spores only.
rRNA sequencing places most in Ascomycota; a few are
Basidiomycota.
Penicillium
Sporothrix (subcutaneous mycosis)
Stachybotrys, Coccidioides, Pneumocystis (systemic
mycoses)
Candida albicans (Cutaneous mycoses)
Economic Effects of Fungi
Lichens
Mutualistic combination of an alga (or
cyanobacterium) and fungus.
Alga produces and secretes
carbohydrates; fungus provides holdfast.
Lichens
Figure 12.10
The Algae
Eukaryotic
Unicellular, filamentous, or multicellular
(thallic)
Most are photoautotrophs
Algae
Table 12.1
Algae
Figure 12.11a
Dinoflagellata
Dinoflagellates
Cellulose in plasma membrane
Unicellular
Chlorophyll a and c, carotene,
xanthins
Store starch
Some are symbionts in marine
animals
Neurotoxins cause paralytic
shellfish poisoning
Figure 12.14
Viruses, Viroids, and Prions
13
Viruses
Contain DNA or RNA
Contain a protein coat
Some are enclosed by an envelope
Some viruses have spikes
Most viruses infect only specific types of
cells
in one host
Host range is determined by specific host
attachment sites and cellular factors
Viruses
Figure 13.1
Helical Viruses
Figure 13.4a–b
Polyhedral Viruses
Figure 13.2a–b
Enveloped Viruses
Figure 13.3
Complex Viruses
Figure 13.5a
Viral Taxonomy
Family names end in -viridae.
Genus names end in -virus.
Viral species: A group of viruses sharing
the same genetic information and
ecological niche (host). Common names
are used for species.
Subspecies are designated by a number.
Viral Taxonomy
Herpesviridae
Herpesvirus
Retroviridae
Human herpes virus
Lentivirus
HHV-1, HHV-2, HHV-3
Human
immunodeficiency
virus HIV-1, HIV-2
Growing Viruses
Viruses must
be grown in
living cells.
Bacteriophages
form plaques
on a lawn of
bacteria.
Figure 13.6
Growing Viruses
Animal viruses
may be grown in
living animals or
in embryonated
eggs.
Figure 13.7
Growing Viruses
Figure 13.8
Virus Identification
Cytopathic effects
Serological tests
Detect antibodies against viruses in a patient.
Use antibodies to identify viruses in
neutralization tests, viral hemagglutination,
and Western blot.
Nucleic acids
RFLPs
PCR
Virus Identification
Figure 13.9
Multiplication of Bacteriophages (Lytic
Cycle)
Attachment: Phage attaches by tail fibers
to host cell.
Penetration: Phage lysozyme opens cell
wall, tail sheath contracts to force tail
core and DNA into cell.
Biosynthesis: Production of phage DNA
and proteins.
Maturation: Assembly of phage particles.
Release: Phage lysozyme breaks cell
wall.
1
Figure 13.10
Lytic cycle: Phage causes lysis and death
of host cell.
Lysogenic cycle: Prophage DNA
incorporated in host DNA.
The Lysogenic Cycle
Figure 13.12
Specialized Transduction
Figure 13.13
Multiplication of Animal viruses
Figure 13.14a
Attachment, Penetration, and
Uncoating
Fusion
Figure 13.14b
Release of an Enveloped Virus by
Budding
Figure 13.20
Multiplication of DNA Virus
Figure 13.15
DNA and RNA Viruses Compared
DNA: Cellular enzyme transcribes viral
DNA in nucleus.
DNA, reverse transcriptase: Cellular
enzyme transcribes viral DNA in nucleus;
reverse transcriptase copies mRNA to
make viral DNA.
RNA, + strand: Viral RNA is a template for
synthesis of RNA polymerase.
DNA and RNA Viruses Compared
RNA – strand: Viral enzyme copies viral RNA
to make mRNA in cytoplasm.
RNA, double-stranded: Viral enzyme copies –
strand RNA to make mRNA in cytoplasm.
RNA, reverse transcriptase: Viral enzyme
copes viral RNA to make DNA in cytoplasm.
Cancer
Figure 13.21
Prions
Infectious proteins
P Animation: Prion
LAY Reproduction
Some Plant Viruses
Table 13.6
Virus Families
Single-stranded DNA,
nonenveloped viruses
Parvoviridae
Human parvovirus
Fifth disease
Anemia in
immunocompromised
patients
Filovirus
Enveloped, helical
viruses
Ebola and Marburg
viruses
Hepatitis D virus
Depends on
coinfection with
Hepadnavirus
UN 13.3
Single-Stranded RNA, – Strand,
Multiple RNA Strands
Lentivirus (HIV)
Oncogenic viruses
Use reverse
transcriptase to
produce DNA from
viral genome.
Includes all RNA
tumor viruses
Reovirus
(Respiratory Enteric
Orphan)
Rotavirus
Mild respiratory infections
and gastroenteritis
Colorado tick fever