“ DY NAMIC NATURE OF

LOWER DENTURE S PAC E ”

Authors :- N Brill, Dr Odont ,Dr G. Tryde ,Dr R Cantor

(Royal Dental college , cophenhagen, Denmark)

JPD :- {volume 15, number 3, may june 1965}

Pr esen ted By : -
San ke t
Chak rav erty
1s t y ear
 INTRODUCTION
 In this particular journal Dr N Brill and
colleagues have discussed the challenge
faced by dentists in making a good retentive
lower denture.

 Many a times these lower dentures are

subjected to conditions like resorbed ridges
and muscle activity that hampers the stability
of the denture.

 Here we will discuss mainly the anatomical

foundations on the basis of which the lower
dentures will be fabricated.
 DENTURE SPACE

 They are formed when phenomenon like

proptosis lingualis happen in which there is
enlargement of the tongue that oblitrates the
space meant for teeth in an edentulous
patient. Thus, creating charecteristic spaces
called denture space in the oral cavity.
 EFFECTS OF PATIENT
BECOMING EDENTULOUS.
 Lips and cheeks are not
supported by the teeth and bone
, as a result they will tend to
“fall” into the oral cavity.

 PROPTOSIS LINGUALIS :- the

tongue will expand into the
space formerly occupied by the
teeth , due to the growth of
tongue.
 EFFECTS OF PATIENT
BECOMING EDENTULOUS.
 Therefore ,
characteristic spaces
develop in the oral cavity of the
edentuolus patient called
“DENTURE SPACE”

 Thus ,
dynamics present in
relation to the tissues
surrounding will determine the
form of the denture.
DENTURE SPACE
 RESORPTION
 Dr Bloch described the form of jaws from
the base of the skull to the base of the
mandible as

“ A split cone with the base turned

downward and the conical surfaces turned
buccaly and laterally.”
 RESORPTION
 Therefore ,

↓ Height Of The Jaws

↓ Horizontal Dimension Of ↑ Horizontal Dimension Of

The Upper Jaw The Lower Jaw
 RESORPTION
 More oftenly ,
the attachment of mentallis and
mylohyoid muscles are located only 2 to 3 mm from the
crest of the mandibular residual reidge

can easily dislodge a denture

 It also makes the surface of the soft tissues attached to

the underlying bone reduced

well deifned vestibular and lingual sulci are

eliminated.
 CLASSIFICATION OF THE
MUSCULATURE OF THE LOWER
DENTURE SPACES

MUSCULATURE OF THE LOWER

DENTAL SPACE

DISLOCATING MUSCLES FIXING MUSCLES

VESTIBULAR VESTIBULAR
•MASSETER •BUCCINATOR
•MENTALIS •ORBICULARIS ORIS
•INCISIVUS LABII INFERIORIS
LINGUAL
LINGUAL •GENIOGLOSSUS
•INTERNAL PTERYGO •LINGUAL LONGITUDINAL
•PALATOGLOSSUS •LINGUAL VERTICAL
•STYLOGLOSUS •LINGUAL TRANSVERSE
•MYLOHYOIDEUS
 CLASSIFICATION OF
DENTURE SURFACES
SURFACES OF THE DENTURE

THE SECONDARY SUPPORTING

SURFACE
THE PRESSURE RECEIVING THE PRESSURE TRANSMITTING FOR EXAMPLE :-THE POLISHED
SURFACE SURFACE SURFACES
OF
FOR EXAMPLE :- THE OCCLUSAL THE DENTURE AND
FOR EXAMPLE :-THE BASAL SEAT THE LINGUAL AND THE BUCCAL
TABLE
SURFACES OF TEETH.
VESTIBULAR DISLOCATING
MUSCLES
 VESTIBULAR DISLOCATING
MUSCLES
MASSETER MUSCLE

 The “ Posterior extension of the inferior

buccal part ” of the denture space is
determined by the action of the masseter
muscle.

 Impression made of this region while the

masseter muscle is relaxed
↓
MASSETER MUSCLE
 VESTIBULAR DISLOCATING
MUSCLES
MENTALIS MUSCLE

 It originates from the frontal surface of

the mandible between the “ Alveolar
Jugum of the lateral incisor and the canine
eminence.”

 It extends inferiorly , anteriorly and

medialy from its origin to fuse in the
midline with corresponding muscle fibers
from the opposite side.

 Muscle inserts into the skin of the chin

with the greater part of the fibers
MENTALIS MUSCLE
 MENTALIS MUSCLE

 “ Sicher and Tandler ” drew attention

to the fact that

“ The origin of mentalis muscle is

located closer to the crest of the
residual ridge than the mucosal
reflection in the alveolabial sulcus .”

 Mentallis muscle contracts → Bottom

of the sulcus is lifted →Depth and
space of the oral vestibule is
decreased considerably.
 VESTIBULAR DISLOCATING
MUSCLES
 INCISIVE LABII INFERIORIS MUSCLE

 Originates from the “ Lower Canine

Jugum” runs laterally to the origin of
the mentallis muscle.

 Fibers of the muscle become fused with

fibers of the orbicularis oris.

 During contraction of the muscle →

raises the bottom of the sulcus →
 LINGUAL DISLOCATING
MUSCLES
INTERNAL PTERYGOID MUSCLE

 It originates in the pterygoid fossa and

the fiber bundles take a nearly parallel
course posteriorly , inferiorly and
laterally.

 It then inserts on the medial surface of

the mandible in much the same way as the
masster muscle does on the lateral side.

 It determines the extension of the lower

posterior lingual part of the denture
space.
 LINGUAL DISLOCATING
MUSCLES
PALATOGLOSSUS MUSCLE

 It descends from the soft palate in the arch

to the lateral margin of the tongue.

 Fibers from the right and left palatoglossus

muscles meet each other at the midline of
the tongue to create a sphincteric function
when closing the posterior portion of the
oral cavity.

 During deglutition, it reduces the lumen of

isthmus faucium → mucousa covering the
lower part of the muscle is lifted superiorly ,
anteriorly and medially.
 LINGUAL DISLOCATING
MUSCLES
PALATOGLOSSUS AND
STYLOGLOSSUS
MUSCLE

 When the muscle

contracts
↓
 Terminating part of
Alveolingual sulcus
lifted alongwith the
mucousa.
 LINGUAL DISLOCATING
MUSCLES
MYLOHYOID MUSCLE

 It forms the floor of the mouth.

 This bilateral muscle originates from the

mylohyoid line

 They insert in the fibrous mylohyoid raphe.it

forms a berth-like structure in which the tongue
rests.

 When both mylohyoid muscle contracts the floor

of the mouth is lifted and the tongue is pressed
against the palate

↓
MYLOHYOID MUSCLE
 PTERYGOMANDIBULAR RAPHE

 The tendinious pterygomandibular

raphe extends inferiorly from the
pterygoid hamulus which inserts into
the trigonum retromolar and in the
retromolar pad above the trigonum.

 The plica pterygomandibularis (fold of

mucous membrane)is stretched, when
the mouth is opened that can make
the raphe stretched and can lift the
posterior part of the retromolar pad.


 TENDON OF GENIOGLOSSUS
MUSCLE
 They are derived from the genial
spines.
 The are short and powewrful tendons.
 When the tip of tongue is lifted, the
tendinous origins of the genioglossus
muscles as well as the lingual
frenum will get passively stretched
and get lifted
↓
 It presses the borders of the lower
denture with a dislocating effect.
 VESTIBULAR FIXING
MUSCLES
BUCCINATOR

 This muscle has a “HORSE-SHOE

SHAPED” origin.
 The maxillary part originates from
the molar region at the base of the
alveolar process.
↓
 It runs posteriorly and inferiorly past
to the maxiallary tuberosity to get
inserted into the pterygomandibular
 BUCCINATOR

 After the raphe inserts into the

retromolar pad, the buccinator muscle
runs to the external oblique line and
terminates in the region of the first or
second molar.
 Nearly all the fibers of the buccinator
muscle extends horizontally from their
origin toward the mediolus(located
laterally to the angle of the mouth).
 Fibers that originate from the
pterygomandibular raphe decussate in
the mediolus,maxillary part decussate
into the upper lip and mandibular part
ACTION OF BUCCINATOR MUSCLE.

 STRACK also called it as

accessory muscle of mastication.

 The buccinator muscle assists in

positioning the food between the
teeth and returning food that
has escaped into the
vestibulesulcus to the occlusal
table, when the chewing and
swallowing are done.
 ORBICULARIS ORIS MUSCLE
 It acts as the anterior sphincter
of the oral cavity and forms the
greater part of the bulk of the
lips.
 It is attached to the maxillae by
the incisive labii superior muscle
and to the mandible by the
incisive labii inferior muscle.
 It contains muscle fibers that
pass with out bony projection
from the upper lip to the lower
 ORBICULARIS ORIS MUSCLE

 This muscle is active, when the

lips are pressed against teeth
and alveolar process.

 They are rhythmically active

during chewing and swallowing.
 LINGUAL FIXING
MUSCLES
 The muscles actively present
here are lingual vertical ,lingual
longitudinal, lingual transverse
and the genioglosssus muscles.
 Out of which the lingual vertical,
lingual longitudinal ,lingual
transverse are considered an
entity of the intrinsic muscles of
the tongue and they run in three
planes and at right angles to
Lingual vertical, Lingual
longitudinal ,Lingual
transverse muscles.
 Lingual Longitudinal
Muscle
 The longitudinal muscle has a
superficial layer and a deep layer
.

 The strong superior longitudinal

fibers form a broad band
beneath the mucous membrane
from the apex of the tongue to
to its base extending the full
width of the tongue.
 Action
 This muscle helps in the
shortening of the tongue with
simultaneous contraction of the
lingual vertical muscle whose
fibers run from the inferior
surface of the tongue to the
mucuous membrane.

 The margins of the tongue will

be pressed laterally with
 Lingual Transverse
Muscle

 It arises from the median fibrous

septum in the tongue.

 It extends into the mucous

membrane of the sides of the
tongue.
 Genioglossus Muscle

 It is a fan shaped projection into

the tongue.

 It inserts into the mucous

membrane of the dorsum of the
tongue from the apex of the
base.
 Action
 The movements of the tongue
esp the contraction is in
conjunction with the lingual
vertical and the genioglossus
muscle that helps in the drawing
of the tongue anteriorly towards
the floor of the muscle.

 Hence, it increases the pressure

which the tip of the tongue can
exert on the floor of the oral
Genioglossus Muscle
 ACTIVE MUSCULAR
FIXATION
 The tongue can be brought in contact
with the various structures of the oral
cavity due to its mobility in the
absence of the limiting joints.

 The forces of the tongue are directed

against a lower denture which can
dislocate the lower denture easily and
cant be counteracted by equal forces
exerted by the musculature of the
cheeks and the lower lip.
 ACTIVE MUSCULAR
FIXATION
 Here, BRODIE spoke about the
“Antagonistic” muscle groups.

 It can be used to stabilize the

dentures.
 PASSIVE MUSCULAR
FIXATION
 It is possible to fix a lower
denture even if all the muscle of
the cheeks, lower lip, and tongue
are quite passive.

 In this instance, the denture is

fixed by the mass and weight of
these structures and through the
pressure exerted by the muscle
tonus.
 PASSIVE MUSCULAR
FIXATION
 The resting muscles can be made
to fix a denture by 2 condtions:-

 By the inclination of the polished

surfaces of the dentures.

 By the polished surfaces of the

denture between the cheeks and
the lower lip on the one side and
the tongue on the other side.
 Inclination of polished
surfaces
 The buccal flanges of the lower
denture must slope inferiorly
and laterally.it shld extedn
below the fold of buccinator
muscle very definitely in the
molar region.
 The lingual flanges also must
extend inferiorly and medially
below the anterior and lateral
parts of the tongue, and as far
as posteriorly by the range of
Inclination of polished
surfaces
Postion of the polished
surfaces.