The skeletal system -forms a framework into which the organs of the body fit. 1.

Exoskeleton -invertebrate: mollusks;clams and shells Arthropods: cuticle made up of chitin 1. Endoskeleton Consists of hard supporting elements like bones, buried within soft tissues inside the animal

Functions of bone (skeleton) 1.Support 2. protection 3. Blood cell formation 4. Mineral storage (calcium especially)

5. Site for muscle attachmentbody movement

 Long Bones- metacarples, metatarsals, phelangies, humerus, ulna, radius, tibia, fibula Short Bones- carpals, tarsals Flat Bones- rib, scapula, skull, sternum Irregular Bones- vertebrae, some facial bones Sesamoid- patella

Bone Structure
Typical Four Layers:
Periosteum: Covers Bones Compact Bone: Lies beneath the periosteum Spongy Bone: Lies beneath the compact bone Bone Marrow: Fills the gaps between the spongy bone

Bone enclosed in periosteum, which is continuous with tendons and ligaments blood vessels in periosteum Epiphysis- ends spongy bone contains red marrow compact bone, articular cartilage Diaphysis- middle compact bone medullary cavity- contains yellow marrow (fat) lined with endosteum (squamous epithelium)

MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF BONES 1. LACUNAE- small cavity 2. OSTEONIC CANAL-causes the bone matrix to be formed in concentric layers 3. LAMELLAE-concentric layers 4. OSTEON-structural unit of compact bone = osteonic canal+its concentric ring of lamella and osteocytes 5. FORAMEN-a channel entering or passing through a bone where blood vessels and nerves enter a bone 6. CANALICULI-tiny channels that extend from the lacunae where materials are exchanged between bone cells and blood vessels

Compact bone osteocytes within lacunae arranged in concentric circles called lamellae This surround a central canal; complex is called Haversian system Canaliculi connect osteocytes to central canal and to each other

BONE FORMATION 1. OSSIFICATION 1. Intramembranous ossification -skull 2. Endochrondal ossification -most bones of the body Process: OSTEOBLAST OSTEOCYTES

Adults continually break down and build up bone

Osteoclasts remove damaged cells and release calcium into blood Osteoblasts remove calcium from blood and build new matrix. They become trapped osteoclasts

Axial skeleton skull (cranium and facial bones) hyoid bone (anchors tongue and muscles associated with swallowing) vertebral column (vertebrae and disks) thoracic cage (ribs and sternum)

Appendicular skeleton pectoral girdle (clavicles and scapulae) upper limbs (arms) pelvic girdle (coxal bones, sacrum, coccyx) lower limbs (legs)

posterior view p. 135

22 bones in skull 6 in middle ears 1 hyoid bone 26 in vertebral column 25 in thoracic cage
4 in pectoral girdle 60 in upper limbs 60 in lower limbs 2 in pelvic girdle 206 bones in all

The skull
8 sutured bones in cranium Facial bones: 13 sutured bones, 1 mandible Cranium encases brain attachments for muscles sinuses

Allows for growth

Vertebral column 7 cervial vertebrae 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 1 sacrum (5 fused 1 coccyx (4 fused) Vertebrae vary in size and morphology

Thoracic cage ribs thoracic vertebrae sternum costal cartilages

True ribs are directly attached to the sternum (first seven pairs) Three false ribs are joined to the 7th rib Two pairs of floating ribs

Clavicles and scapulae Help brace shoulders Attachment sites for muscles

Bones of upper limb Humerus (upper arm) Radius; ulna Carpals, metacarpals, phalanges Bones of lower limb Femur Patella Tibia, fibula Tarsals, metatarslas, phalanges

Joints Immovable (synarthoses) bones sutured together by connective tissue: skull Slightly movable (amphiarthoses) connected by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage: vertebrae, rib/sternum joint, pubic symphysis

Freely movable (diarthroses)- separated ligaments- hold bones together tendons- muscle to bone lined by synovial membrane

DISORDER OF BONES: A.FRACTURES- are broken bones, types: a. Complete-broken bone is separated into two parts. 2. Incomplete-the broken bone is not separated into two parts. 3. Compound-part of the broken bone pierces and protrudes through the skin. 4. Simple-part of the broken bone does not pierce the skin. 5. Greenstick-an incomplete break on one side of the bone with the other side bowed. 6. Comminuted-the bone is broken down into several fragments. 7. Impacted-one bone is forced into another bone. B. OSTEOMYELITIS-inflammation of bone and bone marrow -bacteria C. OSTEOPOROSIS-weakening of bones due to removal of Ca salts D. RICKETS-disease of children of deficient calcium salts in the bones
DISORDER OF JOINTS 1.-Arthritis-Rheumatoid and osteoarthritis 2. Bursitis 3. Dislocation 4. Herniated disk 5. Spinal curvatures 6. Sprains

Problems of the Skeletal System

Fracture: Break Dislocation: Out of joint

Problems of the Skeletal System

Sprain: Swelling in the joint Arthritis: Inflamed and stiff joints

Problems of the Skeletal System!!

Scoliosis: Curvature of the spine Osteoporosis: Brittle bones