Ancient Resource Meets 21st Century

Wind Energy Outline

History and Context Advantages Design Siting Disadvantages Economics Project Development Policy Future

History and Context

Increasingly Significant Power Source

coal petroleum natural gas nuclear hydro other renewables wind
coal petroleum natural gas nuclear hydro other renewables wind

Wind currently produces less than 1% of the nations power.

Source: Energy Information Agency

Wind could generate 6% of nations electricity by 2020.

Growth of Wind Energy Capacity Worldwide

Actual Projected Rest of World North America Europe Jan 2003 Cumulative MW Rest of World = 2,803 North America = 5,018 Europe = 21,319

45000 40000 35000 30000 25000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 90 91

Rest of World North America Europe

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

00

01

02

03

04

05

06

Year
Sources: BTM Consult Aps, March 2001 Windpower Monthly, January 2003

June 19 20, 2007

Wind Energy

June 19 20, 2007

Wind Energy

June 19 20, 2007

Wind Energy

June 19 20, 2007

Wind Energy

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English Post Mills

Built around a central post

June 19 20, 2007

Wind Energy

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Livestock Water

June 19 20, 2007

Wind Energy

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Wind Turbines

Power for a House or City

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Wind Power Advantages

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Advantages of Wind Power

Environmental Economic Development Fuel Diversity & Conservation Cost Stability

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Environmental Benefits
No air pollution No greenhouse gasses Does not pollute water with mercury No water needed for operations

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Wind Power Design

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Power in the Wind (W/m2)

= 1/2 x air density x swept rotor area x (wind speed)3 A V3

Density = P/(RxT)
P - pressure (Pa) R - specific gas constant (287 J/kgK) T - air temperature (K)

Area = r2 m2

Instantaneous Speed (not mean speed) m/s

kg/m3

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Wind Energy Natural Characteristics

Wind Speed

Wind energy increases with the cube of the wind speed 10% increase in wind speed translates into 30% more electricity 2X the wind speed translates into 8X the electricity

Height

Wind energy increases with height to the 1/7 power 2X the height translates into 10.4% more electricity

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Balancing Supply & Demand

4500

Gas
4000

Gas/Hydro
3500

Base Load Coal

3000

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How Big is a 2.0 MW Wind Turbine?

This picture shows a Vestas V-80 2.0-MW wind turbine superimposed on a Boeing 747 JUMBO JET

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Recent Capacity Enhancements

2006 5 MW 600

2000 850 kW 265

2003 1.8 MW 350

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Nacelle Components
5

10

16 17
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Hub controller Pitch cylinder Main shaft Oil cooler Gearbox Top Controller Parking Break Service crane Transformer Blade Hub

12 12
11. Blade bearing 12. Blade 13. Rotor lock system 14. Hydraulic unit 15. Machine foundation 16. Yaw gears 17. Generator 18. Ultra-sonic sensors 19. Meteorological gauges

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Turbines Constantly Improving

Larger turbines Specialized blade design Power electronics Computer modeling

produces more efficient design

Manufacturing improvements

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Wind Project Siting

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Wind Power Classes

10 m (33 ft) Wind Power Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Speed m/s (mph) 0 4.4 (9.8) 5.1 (11.5) 5.6 (12.5) 6.0 (13.4) 6.4 (14.3) 7.0 (15.7) 9.4 (21.1) 50 m (164 ft) Speed m/s (mph) 0 5.6 (12.5) 6.4 (14.3) 7.0 (15.7) 7.5 (16.8) 8.0 (17.9) 8.8 (19.7) 11.9 (26.6)

Wind speed is for standard sea-level conditions. To maintain the same power density, speed increases 3%/1000 m (5%/5000 ft) elevation.
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Wind Disadvantages

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Market Barriers

Siting

Avian Noise Aesthetics

Intermittent source of power Transmission constraints Operational characteristics different from conventional fuel sources Financing

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Birds - A Serious Obstacle

Birds of Prey (hawks, owls, golden eagles) in jeopardy Altamont Pass News Update from Sept 22

shut down all the turbines for at least two months each winter eliminate the 100 most lethal turbines Replace all before permits expire in 13 years
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Cost of Energy Components

Cost (/kWh) = (Capital Recovery Cost + O&M) / kWh/year

Capital Recovery = Debt and Equity Cost O&M Cost = Turbine design, operating environment kWh/year = Wind Resource

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Financing Revenue Components

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Source: Hogan & Hartson, LLP

Future Trends

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Expectations for Future Growth

20,000 total turbines installed by 2010 6% of electricity supply by 2020

100,000 MW of wind power installed by 2020

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Future Tech Developments

Application Specific Turbines

Offshore Limited land/resource areas Transportation or construction limitations Low wind resource Cold climates

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Ocean Power

Ed Lemery, Brooke Scatchard, Nate Trachimowicz

What is OTEC
OTEC, or Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion, is an energy technology that converts solar radiation to electric power. OTEC systems use the ocean's natural thermal gradientthe fact that the ocean's layers of water have different temperaturesto drive a power-producing cycle.

How Does it Work

Carnot Efficiency (T1-T2)/T1: in transferring heat to do work, the greater the spread in temperature between the heat source and the heat sink, the greater the efficiency of the energy conversion. As long as the temperature between the warm surface water and the cold deep water differs by about 20C (36F), an OTEC system can produce a significant amount of power with a maximum Carnot Efficiency of about 6.7%

Half of the earths incoming solar energy is absorbed between the tropic of Capricorn and the Tropic of Cancer.

Background Information

60 million km2. (23 million miles2) of tropical seas absorb a

tremendous amount of solar radiation. Heat content equal to about 250 billion barrels of oil. If less than 1/10th of 1% of this stored solar energy. converted to electric power, it would supply more than 20 times the total amount of electricity consumed in the U.S. on any given day.

History
Jacques Arsene dArsonval

1881- Jacques Arsene dArsonval, French physicist, proposed tapping the thermal energy of the ocean. 1930- Georges Claude, dArsonvals student, built the 1st OTEC plant in Cuba. 1935- Claude constructed another plant aboard a 10,000 ton cargo vessel off the coast of Brazil. Weather & waves destroyed both plants before they could become net power generators.

1970- Tokyo Electric Power Company successfully built & deployed a 100 kW closed-cycle OTEC plant on the island of Nauru.

1981- Became operational Produced about 120 kW of electricity .

90 kW was used to power the plant & the remaining electricity used to power a school & several other places on Nauru.

Set a world record for power output from an OTEC system where the power was sent to a real power grid.

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OTEC System
Hot surface water, boils low boiling point liquid Boiling liquid turns turbine which generates electricity Electricity carried to land through underwater cable Deep cold water used to cool and condense liquid

Closed-Cycle (Rankine)

Closed-cycle systems use fluid with a low-boiling point, such as ammonia, to rotate a turbine to generate electricity. Here's how it works. Warm surface seawater is pumped through a heat exchanger where the low-boilingpoint fluid is vaporized. The expanding vapor turns the turbo-generator. Then, cold, deep seawaterpumped through a second heat exchangercondenses the vapor back into a liquid, which is then recycled through the system.

Closed Loop

OTEC Open Cycle System

In an open-cycle plant, the warm water, after being vaporized, can be re-condensed and separated from the cold seawater, leaving behind the salt and providing a source of desalinated water fresh enough for municipal or agricultural use.

Hybrid System
Hybrid systems combine the features of both the closed-cycle and open-cycle systems. In a hybrid system, warm seawater enters a vacuum chamber where it is flash-evaporated into steam, similar to the open-cycle evaporation process. The steam vaporizes a low-boiling-point fluid (in a closed-cycle loop) that drives a turbine to produces electricity.

OTEC Hybrid Cycle System

Hybrid plants, combining benefits of the two systems, would use closed-cycle generation combined with a second-stage flash evaporator to desalinate water.

India and OTEC

The government of India has taken an active interest in OTEC technology. India has built and plans to test a 1 MW closed-cycle, floating OTEC plant.

Advantages

Low Environmental Impact The distinctive feature of OTEC energy systems is that the end products include not only energy in the form of electricity, but several other synergistic products. Fresh Water The first by-product is fresh water. A small 1 MW OTEC is capable of producing some 4,500 cubic meters of fresh water per day, enough to supply a population of 20,000 with fresh water. Food A further by-product is nutrient rich cold water from the deep ocean. The cold "waste" water from the OTEC is utilised in two ways. Primarily the cold water is discharged into large contained ponds, near shore or on land, where the water can be used for multi-species mariculture (shellfish and shrimp) producing harvest yields which far surpass naturally occurring cold water upwelling zones, just like agriculture on land.

Artists rendition of a 400MW plant back in 75

Recent Advancements

The development of the Kalina Cycle which is significantly more efficient than the previous closed-cycle system based on straight ammonia. The discovery that dissolved gases exchange more rapidly from seawater than from fresh water. This allows for more efficiency and lower costs for open-cycle OTEC and for fresh water production from seawater in a hybrid Kalina Cycle configuration as well as fresh water production in general. The development of better heat exchangers and heat exchanger operation with respect to biofouling control (on the warm water side) and corrosion control.

Nuclear Energy Energy from disintegrating atomic nuclei has a tremendous potential to do good for the people of the world. We routinely use X-rays to examine for fractures, treat cancer with radiation and diagnose disease with the use or radioactive isotopes. About 17% of the energy in the world comes from nuclear power plants.

History of Nuclear Energy Development

The first controlled fission of an atom occurred in 1938 in Germany The US was the first to develop an atomic bomb In 1945, the US military dropped bombs on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki A legacy of the military research is that a great deal of soil, water, and air are contaminated with radioactive material (Hanford, Savannah River sites).

History - Continued
After WWII many people began to see the potential for using nuclear energy for peaceful purposes. The worlds first electricity generating reactor was constructed in the US in 1951.

In December 1953, President Dwight D. Eisenhower, in his Atoms for Peace speech said, The Russians built their first plant in 1954.

THE SOURCE: FISSION

Fission is the splitting of a nucleus into two or more separate nuclei of comparable mass One neutron interacts with one fissionable nucleus (Uranium for example) Results are:

Fission Products Two heavy nuclides

One heavier than the other (Average ratio of ~ 2 : 3 )

Neutrons 2.43 on average emitted / fission

Important that more neutrons are produced than are used to cause one fission

Gamma rays, beta particles Energy !!

Nuclear Reactors A nuclear reactor is a device that permits a controlled fission chain reaction. In the reactor, neutrons are used to cause a controlled fission of heavy atoms such as Uranium 235 (U-235). U-235 is a uranium isotope used to fuel nuclear fission reactors.

Only certain kinds of atoms are suitable for the development of a nuclear chain reaction. The two materials most commonly used are uranium-235 and plutonium-239.

Percent of Electricity

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

PERCENT OF ELECTRICITY FROM NUCLEAR ENERGY

Sl e ov ak i Be a lgi um Uk ra in e Sw e S w de n itz er lan Hu d ng Ko ary re aR ep Bu . lg ar Cz ia ec hR P Fi nla nd Ja pa Ge n rm an y U. S .

Fr an c

TOP 10 NUCLEAR GENERATING COUNTRIES

2007, Billion kWh

Enter text 806.5

418.6

266.4 147.8 136.6 133.2

96.5

87.2

64.4

62.6

U.S.

France

Japan

Russia

Korea Rep.

Germany Canada

Ukraine Sweden

China

Source: International Atomic Energy Agency, U.S. is from Energy Information Administration Updated: 5/08

BOILING WATER REACTOR

PRESSURIZED WATER REACTOR

NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS

WATER SYSTEMS

WASTE DISPOSAL

A concern to many people Used (spent) nuclear fuel consists of ceramic pellets encased in metal tubes Current solution: On-site storage at NPPs

DRY STORAGE IN CASKS ON SITE

WASTE STORAGE

Long term solution financed by nuclear utilities in cooperation with U.S. government Yucca Mountain: one site for high-level radioactive waste makes it easy to monitor, regulate, and secure DOE: Required to design, construct, operate EPA: Required to set standards to protect public and environment NRC: Required to approve/license DOE proposal

WHY NUCLEAR ENERGY SHOULD BE AN OPTION

Energy Security is National Security

Uranium is a domestic source of energy

Competitive Costs No Climate-change Releases Proven Record Concentrated Form of Energy

The Future

The economic evaluation of OTEC plants indicates that their commercial future lies in floating plants of approximately 100 MW capacity for industrialized nations and smaller plants for small-island-developingstates Small OC-OTEC plants can be sized to produce from 1 MW to 10 MW of electricity, and at least 1700 m 3 to 3500 m3 of desalinated water per day.

Hydropower
Electric Mechanical

How hydropower works

Negative effects of Hydropower

Flooding the land

Displacement of local inhabitants

Local climatic changes

Tectonic activities (Earthquakes)

Loss of species (aquatic & terrestrial) Loss of normal nutrient flow down

Positive Effects of Hydropower

Can generate electricity Can do mechanical work, e.g. grind grain No greenhouse gases Initial construction provides jobs

Biomass Energy

Biomass Pros & Cons

Burning biomass gets rid of solid waste Creates energy Creates new markets for crops

Burning biomass releases CO2 and other gases associated with combustion Creates solid waste from ash May cause more grasslands to be planted to corn

Ethanol production: not environmentally benign

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