Onset of word form recognition in English and English Welsh bilingual Infants

By Michelle Baker & Vicki Stevenson

Contents
Introduction Method- Participants/Stimuli -Procedures -Results Discussion Conclusion

Introduction
The study was designed to answer to questions 1. At what age do infants begin to recognize word forms? 2. In what ways, if at all, does a bilingual community affect word recognition in infants primarily exposed, in the home, to the minority language (monolingual exposure) or to both languages to a similar extent (bilingual exposure.

Method
Participants 128 monolingual English learning infants. 79 monolingual Welsh learning infants. 28 English-Welsh bilingual infants. Age range 9-12 months Stimuli 33 words of familiar e.g. nappy/thank you and rare e.g. nettle/wacky. Split into 3 lists of 11 repeated once each for a total of 6 trials

Bilingual -30 familiar words, 57 rare words

 Procedures- HT Speech presented through one loud speaker in a sound proof room. Stimulus was recorded by the experimenter pressing a button for as long as the infant maintained HT HT procedure was ran twice for bilingual infants. Once for each language. ERP - Monoligual infants 66 words familiar and rare presented in two blocks for a total of 132 trials. Bilingual infants- 25% familiar and 75% rare

ERPs Results
English- There is a significant broad N2 modulation already at 10 months. By 12 months enough words are known to eliminate MMN in English. Welsh- The emergence of the N4 is at 11 months and we find the N4 is stronger than the N2. Whereas in English its the opposite. English-Welsh bilingual- Both N2 and N4 effects are significant in both languages by 11 months. The familiarity effects do not differ between languages or interact with languages but peaking is significantly delayed in Welsh compared to English.

Discussion
Earlier HT finding was replicated at 11 months. First generalized neurophysiological sign of word recognition at 10 months in English. By 12 months familiarity effect vanishes in English. Failure to see clear familiarity effects in either procedure in Welsh learning infants. Welsh- English bilingual infants showed an effect of familiarity in both languages in both procedures.

Unanticipated findings
Welsh learning infants differed from the English learning infants in both procedures. The absence of a familiarity effect in welsh infants can be interpreted in a number of ways. 1. Accent 2. Mutation process- which causes word change under certain grammatical conditions 3. sociolinguistic situation- due to the imbalance of two languages in the community. Bilinguals- characteristics of monolingual responses in both English and Welsh.

Conclusion
Learning in a bilingual community is different depending on the language spoken to the child. Dominant language- the time course appears to be the same as a monolingual language. Monolinguals- exposes only to minority language show a delay and a difference in attentional response. Rare and unknown words held infant attention perhaps because the infants are flooded with unknown words and have thus learned not readily to dismiss them.