Public Switched Telephone Network (S-PSTN)

S-PSTN
Partial support for this curriculum material was provided by the National Science Foundation's Course, Curriculum, and Laboratory Improvement Program under grant DUE-9972380 and Advanced Technological Education Program under grant DUE-9950039. GWEC EDUCATION PARTNERS: This material is subject to the legal License Agreement signed by your institution. Please refer to this License Agreement for restrictions of use.

Table of Contents
Overview Learning Objectives Network Overview Switching Systems Post-Divestiture Network Signaling Contributors 5 6 7 13 19 28 38

Overview
Network setup Switching systems Post-Divestiture network Signaling SS7 CCS

Learning Objectives
After completing this module you will be able to: Discuss the basic operations of the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) Define the telephony switching hierarchy Describe the signaling required to complete a typical telephone call through the PSTN Describe how the SS7 network is overlayed onto the PSTN

Network Overview

What Is A Network ?

Switching Office

Switching Office

CPE

CPE

Transmission Facilities

Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)

Major Components of the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN): Switching Offices Transmission facilities Customer Premise Equipment (CPE)

Switching Offices
SWITCHING OFFICE
CONTROL

NETWORK

Transmission Facilities

Switching
Line

Trunks

Switching Office
Line

Office
Special Service Circuit

Customer Premise Equipment (CPE)

Customer Premise Equipment (CPE) is the term used to identify any piece of equipment supplied by the customer to interface with the PSTN. Examples include: Single Line Telephone Set Modems or Data Sets Private Branch Exchange (PBX)

Switching Systems

Traffic Networks
The Public Switched Telephone Network:
Pre-divestiture Post-divestiture

Local Network Structure

Exchange Area 5

Exchange Area 1

Exchange Area 2
Wire Center B

Wire Center A

Exchange Area 4

Exchange Area 3

Typical Local Network

Tandem Office T

Wire Center C Tandem Trunk Groups (Final)

Wire Center A

Direct Trunk Groups

(High Usage)

Wire Center B

Toll Network Structure Pre-Divestiture

Regional Center D Class 1 Regional Center C Class 2 Regional Center B Class 3 Toll Center A Class 4 Local Office (End Office) Class 5 FINAL Regional Center E HU6 HU5 HU4 HU3 HU1 Toll Center H Toll Connecting Local Tandem Office Local Office Sectional Center F Primary Center HU7 G

HU2

Telephone 1

Telephone 2

Toll Network Structure Pre-Divestiture

Regional Center D Class 1 FINAL Regional Center E HU6 HU5 HU4 HU3 HU1 Toll Center H Toll Connecting Local Office (End Office) Class 5 Local Tandem Office Local Office HU2 Primary Center HU7 G

Regional Center C Class 2

Regional Center B Class 3 Toll Center A Class 4

Sectional Center F

Telephone 1

Telephone 2

The PostDivestiture Network

The Post-1984 Network

IEC1
IEC2 IEC3

LATA x
InterLATA Carriers

LATA y

Typical LEC Network

Central Office
Switching Systems Distribution Facility/Local Loop

Tandem Office

IC POP

Interoffice Facilities/Trunks

Distribution Facility/Local Loop

Central Office

LEC

IC

LATA Access Services

Switched Access Special Access (Nonswitched)

Switched Access Service

Feature Group A Feature Group B Feature Group C Feature Group D Equal Access End Office

North American Numbering Plan

Numbering Plan Area N X X

Central Office N X X X

Station X X X

2-9 0-9 0-9

2-9 0-9 0-9

0-9 0-9 0-9 0-9

Number Plan Area (NPA)

These special purposes codes include:
NXX Reserved Codes:
600 Used in Canada for TWX (teletype service) 700 Assigned to ICs 800, 888, 877, and 866 Service (INWATS) 900 Service (DIAL-IT Service)

N11 Reserved Codes:

311 Non-Emergency Police and Fire 411 Local Directory Assistance 611 Repair Service* 811 Business Office* 911 Emergency Number

Number Plan Area (NPA)

Interchangeable area (or NPA) codes are NPA codes of the format NXX.

By changing from the former N-0/1-X format to the NXX format, the maximum number of assignable NPA codes increased by 640 codes as shown:
Old Format N 0/1 X 8 x 2 x 10 = 160 N X X 8 x 10 x 10 = 800 160-8* = 152 *Excluding codes of N11 format 800-8* = 792* *Excluding codes of N11 format

New format

International Numbering
If you have made international calls, you know that the familiar NANP is a subset of the ITU international plan. Until recently, international numbers were limited to 12 digits.

1, 2 or 3 digits

Varies by location

Country Codes Trunk Code Local Code Subscriber Number

Signaling

Signaling
Signaling is the generation, transmission, and reception of information needed to direct and control the setup and disconnect of a call.

Signaling
Originating CPE Originating Switching Office Terminating Switching Office Terminating CPE

1 2

Idle Off-hook Dial Tone Dialed Digits Off-hook Off-hook (wink) On-hook (wink) Dialed Digits Audible Ring Ringing

Answer
Disconnect

Off-hook

Signaling
Originating CPE Originating Switching Office Terminating Switching Office Terminating CPE

1 2

Idle Off-hook Dial Tone Dialed Digits

3 5
Off-hook Off-hook (wink) On-hook (wink)

4 6
6
Dialed Digits Audible Ring Ringing

Answer
Disconnect

Off-hook

Signaling
Originating CPE Originating Switching Office Terminating Switching Office Terminating CPE

1 2

Idle Off-hook Dial Tone Dialed Digits

3 5
Off-hook Off-hook (wink) On-hook (wink)

4 6
6 7
Dialed Digits Audible Ring Ringing

Answer
Disconnect

Off-hook

Signaling
Originating CPE Originating Switching Office Terminating Switching Office Terminating CPE

1 2

Idle Off-hook Dial Tone Dialed Digits

3 5
Off-hook Off-hook (wink) On-hook (wink)

4 6
6 7
Dialed Digits Audible Ring Ringing

8 9 10

Answer

Off-hook

10

Disconnect

Common Channel Signaling (CCS)

Common Channel Signaling (CCS) is a signaling method that uses a separate dedicated channel to send and receive signaling information for a group of trunks or facilities by means of labeled messages.

Signaling System 7 (SS7) LINKS

CO CO A F CO A

STP

STP

C B
STP

B D
STP

C A SCP A SCP

SS7
Switching Office A STP Customer A IAM ACM ANM REL RLC IAM ACM ANM REL RLC Customer B Switching Office B

Network Administration, Maintenance and Services

Network Management Traffic Measurements Billing Maintenance Customer Services