ENGG ZC232 ENGINEERING MATERIALS. Lecture 01(Introduction).

BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus
Prof.P.Srinivasan. Mechanical Engineering Department

Det i!" o# $re"ent tion Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering. Types of Engineering materials, properties and Applications. Advanced Materials.

E%&& 'C ( Engg. Materials )ecture*I !"#!" #$ Intorduction

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M teri !" Science nd En%ineerin%

Materials Science
*The discipline of investigating the relationships that e+ist ,et-een the structures and properties of materials.

Materials Engineering

. The discipline of designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties ,ased on esta,lished structure*property correlation.

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&i"toric ! E'o!ution o# M teri !"

Ages of /Man0 -e survive ,ased on the materials -e control . Stone Age . naturally occurring materials . Special roc1s, s1ins, -ood . 2ron3e Age . Casting and forging . Iron Age . 4igh Temperature furnaces . Steel Age . 4igh Strength Alloys . %on*5errous and Polymer Age . Aluminum, Titanium and %ic1el 6superalloys7 . aerospace . Silicon . Information . Plastics and Composites . food preservation, housing, aerospace and higher speeds . E+otic Materials Age8 . %ano*Material and ,io*Materials . they are coming and then 9

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B "ic En%ineerin% M teri !"

Metals:
. Strong, ductile . high thermal ; electrical conductivity . opa<ue, reflective.

Polymers"plastics: Covalent ,onding sharing of e=s

. Soft, ductile, lo- strength, lo- density . thermal ; electrical insulators . >ptically translucent or transparent.

Ceramics: ionic ,onding 6refractory7 . compounds of metallic ; non*

metallic elements 6o+ides, car,ides, nitrides, sulfides7 . 2rittle, glassy, elastic . non*conducting 6insulators7

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E* +(!e" o# Cer +ic M teri !". #0-)01)(%-

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E* +(!e" o# $o!.+eric #10)01)(%M teri !".

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A3out "tructure o# + teri !"

It relates to the arrangement of its internal components.
Su,atomic Structure Atomic Structure Crystal structure Microscopic Structure Macroscopic Structure

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Structure o# + teri !" nd in#!uence

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5our Ma?or Components of Material Science and Engineering: . Structure of Materials . Properties of Materials . Processing of Materials . Performance of Materials

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Structure4 $roce""in%4 5 $ro(ertie"

$ %ro&erties de&end on structure

ex !ardness "s structure o# steel

(d)

5ardness (65N)

400 300 -00 300 200

30) 30)

(c) (a) (()

-)

30)
'ata o(tained #ro) *igs+ 10+21(a) and 10+23 ,it! -,t.C co)&osition/ and #ro) *ig+ 11+13 and associated discussion/ Callister 6e+ Microgra&!s ada&ted #ro) (a) *ig+ 10+100 (() *ig+ 1+270(c) *ig+ 10+2-0 and (d) *ig+ 10+12/ Callister 6e+

100 0+01 0+1

1 10 100 1000 Cooling 2ate (C/s)

$ %rocessing can c!ange structure

E%&& 'C ( Engineering Materials (#"#!" #$( )ecture #$6Introduction7

ex structure "s cooling rate o# steel

$ 2
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M teri !" o# t6e 7uture

S+ rt M teri !"
. A3!e to "en"e t6e c6 n%e" in t6eir en'iron+ent nd re"(ond to t6e"e c6 n%e" in (redeter+ined + nner. 7o!!o8in% + teri !" u"ed #or ctu tor". . S6 (e Me+or. A!!o. . $ie9oe!ectric Cer +ic" . M %neto"tricti'e M teri !" . E!ectro:r6eo!o%ic !; M %netor6eo!o%ic ! 7!uid"

E%&& 'C ( Engineering Materials (#"#!" #$( )ecture #$6Introduction7

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Continued..
%anotechnology
Top do-n approach 2ottom up approach The study of properties of materials using ,ottom up approach is called %anotechnology. /%ano0 refers to the dimensions of the structural entities are on order of a nanometer 6$#*@m7 as a rule less than $## nanometers.

E%&& 'C ( Engineering Materials (#"#!" #$( )ecture #$6Introduction7

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Tr n"(ort tion
Aeducing the -eight of the transportation vehicle. Increasing the Engine operation Condition. %e- 4igh strength, lo- density material remain to ,e developed. Materials that have high temperature capa,ilities, for use in engine components.

E%&& 'C ( Engineering Materials (#"#!" #$( )ecture #$6Introduction7

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Continued..
To find ne- and economical source of energy and to use present resource more efficiently. Materials play significant role in these developments e.g.: Solar Cells.

E%&& 'C ( Engineering Materials (#"#!" #$( )ecture #$6Introduction7

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M int inin% t6e En'iron+ent ! <u !it.

Depends upon our a,ility to control air and -ater pollution. %eed to improve the material processing and refinements so that they produce less environmental degradation. In some materials manufacturing process, to+ic su,stances are produced and ecological impact of their disposal must ,e considered.

E%&& 'C ( Engineering Materials (#"#!" #$( )ecture #$6Introduction7

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Continued..
Materials derived from %onrene-a,le resources.
Includes Polymers 6made from oil and some metals7 These nonrene-a,le resources are gradually depleting -hich necessitates

Discovery of additional reservoirs. Development of ne- and compara,le material Increased recycling efforts and development of nerecycling technology.

E%&& 'C ( Engineering Materials (#"#!" #$( )ecture #$6Introduction7

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T6e M teri !" Se!ection $roce""

1+ %ic7 8&&lication
'eter)ine re9uired %ro&erties
%ro&erties )ec!anical/ electrical/ t!er)al/ )agnetic/ o&tical/ deteriorati"e+

2+ %ro&erties 3+ Material

Identi#: candidate Material(s)

Material structure/ co)&osition+

Identi#: re9uired %rocessing

%rocessing c!anges structure and o"erall shape ex casting/ sintering/ "a&or de&osition/ do&ing #or)ing/ ;oining/ annealing+

E%&& 'C ( Engineering Materials (#"#!" #$( )ecture #$6Introduction7

3
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Si* I+(ort nt $ro(ertie"

Mechanical Electrical Thermal Magnetic >ptical Deteriorative.

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ELECTRICAL
D C
6$#*E >hm*m7
Aesistivity,

$ Electrical 2esisti"it: o# Co&&er

B (

$ #

%i H t %i $D a . H t a G $ . Cu G$ u C d e i rm % o f H e t d a $ . G$ u C Cu 0 e r /Pu

Cu

.( ( G

at H

%i

*ro) *ig+ 17+> Callisters Materials Science and Engineerin Adapted Version. (*ig+ 17+> ada&ted #ro) ?+@+ Linde/ Ann Physik 5/ 211 (1132)0 and C+8+ Aert and 2+M+ B!o)son/ Physics of Solids/ 2nd edition/ McGra,C5ill Co)&an:/ Ne, Dor7/ 1170+)

* ##

*$##

T 6FC7

$ 8dding <i)&urit:= ato)s to Cu increases resisti"it:+ $ 'e#or)ing Cu increases resisti"it:+

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T&ERMAL
$ E&ace E!uttle Biles

CCEilica #i(er insulation o##ers lo, !eat conduction+

*ro) c!a&terCo&ening &!otogra&!/ C!a&ter 11/ Callisters Materials Science and Engineering, Adapted Version. (Courtes: o# Loc7!eed Missiles and E&ace Co)&an:/ Inc+)

$ B!er)al Conducti"it: o# Co&&er

CCIt decreases ,!en :ou add FincG

Thermal Conductivity 6I"m*J7 B## (## ## $## # # $# # (# B# Composition 6-tH 'inc7

$##

8da&ted #ro) *ig+ 11+-A/ Callister 6e. (Courtes: o# Loc7!eed 8eros&ace Cera)ics E:ste)s/ Eunn:"ale/ C8) (Note HAH denotes #ig+ is on C'C2@M+)

*ro) *ig+ 11+Callisters Materials Science and Engineering, Adapted Version. (*ig+ 11+- is ada&ted #ro) Metals Hand ook! Properties and Selection! "onferrous alloys and Pure Metals/ Iol+ 2/ 1t! ed+/ 5+ 6a7er/ (Managing Editor)/ 8)erican Eociet: #or Metals/ 1171/ BITS Pilani, &+ Pilani Campus

MAGNETIC $ Magnetic Etorage

CC2ecording )ediu) is )agnetiFed (: recording !ead+

Magnetic %er)ea(ilit: "s+ Co)&osition

CC8dding 3 ato)ic . Ei )a7es *e a (etter recording )ediu)G

Magneti3ation 5eG(HSi 5e

Magnetic 5ield
*ig+ 1>+23 Callisters Materials Science and Engineering, Adapted Version. (*ig+ 1>+23 is #ro) ?+J+ Le)7e/ M$S %ulletin/ Iol+ KI/ No+ 3/ &+ 31/ 1110+) 8da&ted #ro) C+2+ 6arrett/ A+'+ Nix/ and 8+E+ Betel)an/ #he Principles of Engineering Materials/ *ig+ 1C7(a)/ &+ 1/ 1173+ Electronicall: re&roduced (: &er)ission o# %earson Education/ Inc+/ J&&er Eaddle 2i"er/ Ne, ?erse:+
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=$TICAL $ Brans)ittance
CC8lu)inu) oxide )a: (e trans&arent/ translucent/ or o&a9ue de&ending on t!e )aterial structure+
single crystal polycrystal: lo- porosity polycrystal: high porosity

8da&ted #ro) *ig+ 1+2/ Callisters Materials Science and Engineering, Adapted Version. (E&eci)en &re&aration/ %+8+ Lessing0 &!oto (: E+ Banner+)
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DETERI=RATI>E $ Etress L Ealt,ater+++

CCcauses crac7sG

$ 5eat treat)ent
crac1 speed 6m"s7
$#*E

slo,s crac7 s&eed in salt ,aterG

/as*is0 /held at $D#LC for $ hr ,efore testing0
Alloy !$!E tested in saturated a<ueous %aCl solution at (LC

$#*$#

increasing load

*ro) c!a&terCo&ening &!otogra&!/ C!a&ter 14 Callisters Materials Science and Engineering, Adapted Version. (#ro) Marine Corrosion, Causes, and Pre&ention/ ?o!n Aile: and Eons/ Inc+/ 1173+)

8da&ted #ro) *ig+ 11+20(()/ 2+A+ 5ertF(erg/ H'e#or)ation and *racture Mec!anics o# Engineering MaterialsH (-t! ed+)/ &+ 303/ ?o!n Aile: and Eons/ 1114+ (@riginal source Mar7us @+ E&eidel/ 6ro,n 6o"eri Co+)

**material:
!$C#*TDC$ Al KalloyK 6'n,Cu,Mg,'r7

5rom 5ig. $#.($, Callisters Materials Science and Engineering, Adapted Version. 65ig. $#.($ provided courtesy of &.4. %arayanan and A.&. Miller, 2oeing Commercial BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus Airplane Company.7

T6e M teri !" Se!ection $roce""

1+
%ic7 8&&lication 'eter)ine re9uired %ro&erties

%ro&erties )ec!anical/ electrical/ t!er)al/ )agnetic/ o&tical/ deteriorati"e+

2+ 3+

%ro&erties

Identi#: candidate Material(s)

Material structure/ co)&osition+

Material Identi#: re9uired %rocessing

%rocessing c!anges structure and o"erall shape ex casting/ sintering/ "a&or de&osition/ do&ing #or)ing/ ;oining/ annealing+

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S?MMAR@

Course Goals

$ Jse t!e rig!t )aterial #or t!e ;o(+ $ Jnderstand t!e relation (et,een &ro&erties/ structure/ and &rocessing+ $ 2ecogniFe ne, design o&&ortunities o##ered (: )aterials selection+

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