Digital Simulation of Power

Electronic Systems
 By the end of the course, you are some one who can
confidently be a part of
 A research group, design & development group, prototype
implementation/ testing group,
 Familiar with Modeling, implementing those models in
Matlab/Simulink/Pspice.
 Models:single phase/three phase controlled &uncontrolled
rectifiers, choppers, inverters,filters,DC and AC motors,
controllers and complete systems.
Familiar with case studies of DSP based controllers of
induction motors and switched reluctance motors
Power electronics system:
Block Diagram
 Key Features of Converter Circuits
 The circuit topology changes as the switches open
and close as a function of time under the guidance of
the controller
 SPICE
Simulation Program with integrated
circuit emphasis
 Transient analysis calculates all node voltages
and branch currents over a time interval, and
their instantaneous values are the outputs.

Circuit behaviour in response to time varying

sources(.TRAN)
Dc and Fourier components of the transient
analysis results (.FOUR)
 ISPICE
Interactive circuit simulation with graphic output.
Types of Analysis :
Dc Analysis .DC
Dc sweep of an input voltage/current source,a model
parameter,or temperature over a range of values(.DC)
Determination of the linearized model parameters of non linear
devices (.OP)
Dc operating point to obtain all node voltages. (.OP)
Small-signal transfer function with small-signal gain,input
resistance,output resistance(.TF)
Transient Analysis:
Used for circuits with time-variant sources (ac sources and
switched sources)
 AC Analysis

Used for small signal analysis of circuits with

sources of variable frequencies.
Calculates all node voltages and branch currents
over a range of frequencies , and their
magnitudes and phase angles are the outputs.
Circuit response over a range of source
frequencies (.AC)
Noise generation at an output node for every
frequency (.NOISE)
 Use of computer Simulations
 Used as teaching aid to understand concepts.
 In research to analyze the behaviour of new

circuits
 In industry to shorten the design process

especially to study the influence of a parameter

on the system behaviour through simulation
than on a hardware bread board.
 Description and analysis
of a circuit require the following
specs:
Element values
Nodes
Circuit elements
Element models
Sources
Types of analysis
Output variables
PSPICE output commands
Format of circuit files,Format of output files
Element Values :Scale suffixes and unit suffixes

F=1E-15 V=volt,A=amp,HZ
P=1E-12
N=1E-9
U=1E-6
MIL=25.4E-6
M=1E-3
K=1E3
MEG=1E6
G=1E9
T=1E12
 Outcomes of the Simulation
 Calculate circuit waveforms
 Dynamic and steady state performances of
systems.
 Voltage and current ratings of various components.
 Power loss calculations leading to optimum thermal
design
 Choices of Simulation Tools
 Circuit oriented simulators
 User supplies the circuit topology and the component
values.
 The simulator internally generates the circuit
equations,which are transparent to the user.
 The user may have the flexibility of selecting the details
of the component models depending on the simulator.
 Controllers may be specified by means of a transfer
function or by models of components such as operational
amplifiers and comparators etc.,
 Simulation Tools
 Equation Solvers
 Describing the circuit and the controllers by means of

differential and algebraic equations.

 The equations must be developed for all possible states in

which the circuit may operate.

 Describe the logic that determines the circuit state and the

corresponding set of differential equationsbased on circuit

conditions.
 Solution of these algebraic/differential equations by means

of software packages specifically designed for this purpose

that provide a choice of integration routines,graphical
output and so on.
 Circuit –Oriented Simulators

Sl.No Key Features Disadvantages

1. Initial set up time is small Little control over the

simulation process
2. Easy to make changes in circuit Can lead to long
topology and control simulation times.
3. Focus is on the circuit rather Can lead to oscillation
than on the mathematics of the solution. problems
4 Built in models for the components and Steps to overcome these
the controllers(analog and digital) are difficulties are not
usually available. usually apparent and
may require trial and
error.
5. Possible to segment the overall system
into smaller modules/building
blocks,that can be tested individually
and then brought together.
 Equation Solvers
Sl.No Key Features Disadvantages

1. Give total contrl over the simulation
process, including the integration
method to be used,time step of
simulation,etc.,
2. Smaller simulation time.
3. Being general purpose tools, can be
useful in applications other than power
electronics simulation
Long time is required for
the initial set up of
developing all possible
combinations of
diffferential /algebraic
equations.
Even minor changes in
the circuit topology and
control may require just
as much effort as the
initial set up.
 Method of solving in Circuit solving programs
SPICE?EMTP

 Linear differential equations:

Trapezoidal method of integration used in
SPICE and EMTP.
 Non Linear differential equations :

Newton Raphson iterative procedure.

Principles of Steady –State (DC steady state)converter analysis
 Current waveforms of a switch
mode converter
 D=ton/Ts ;where Ts=1/fs;where
fs=switching freq
 Representing the functions of a switching converter
by an equivalent circuit

 The dc transformer model:

Correctly represents the relationships between the dc
voltages and currents.
The model can be refined by including losses,such as
semiconductor forward voltage drops and on –
resistances, inductor core and copper losses.
The resulting model can be directly solved ,to find v, i,
losses and η in the actual non ideal converter.
 Equations
 V=M(D)*Vg
 M(D)=equilibrium conversion ratio;
 M(D)=D ….. for buck converter
 M(D)=1-D …..for boost converter
 Ig=M(D)* I
 The DC transformer Model

 There are three ports:

A power input
A power output
A control port
These functions are ideally performed with
100%η and hence,
Pin=Pout
Vg*Ig =V*I
Circuit Model of a buck converter
 Ideal Dc Transformer Model
 V=M(D) Vg ;
 Ig=M(D) I.
 a)Use of DC transformer model of switching converter(power source modeled by
thevenin equivalent)
b)Simplification by referring all elements to secondary side

Output voltage=M(D)V1 R/ (R+M2DR1)

Modeling of Inductor copper loss via series resistor RL

RL L
Extension of dc transformer model to model other properties
of the converter. Non idealities such as power loss,/converter
dynamics can be modeled by adding inductors and capacitors
to the equivalent circuit.
 '
0  Vg  I R L  D V
 RL '
0  Vg  I R L  D V
I

+
+
- D’V
_ Vg
  V  ' V
i C (t )  D  R   D  I  R 
' V
0  DI 
R
 ' V
0  DI 
V/R R

D’I R
 Circuit Model

I RL

+
Vg
+ V R
+ D’V
-
_
D’I
-
 '
0  Vg  I R L  D V
'
0  D I V / R
V
I '
RD

 
 
 
V 1 1
 '  
Vg D   
  R 
 1 
L
2



 D' R  


This is the desired solution for the converter output voltage V.

  
 
 
V 1 1
 '  
Vg D   
  R 
 1 
L

 '
2
 
  D R  

1
The first term D
'
is the ideal conversion ratio, with R L
0

 
 
The second term  
 1  Describes the effect of the inductor winding resistance
   
  R 
 1 
L
2



 D' R  


2
'
R L < D R the conversion ratio is equal to the ideal value 1
'
D

However as R L is increased, in relation to D ' R 2

The second term is reduced
V
in value, and
Vg is reduced as well. At D=1, the converter η =0
V
Decreasing the . R L increases but results in large inductance
Vg
 Construction of equivalent circuit model

Obtained by refining the dc transformer model, to

account for converter losses.

This allows us to determine the converter

voltages, currents,and η using techniques of
circuit analysis.
Inclusion of Semiconductor conduction lossess in the
converter model

v L
(t )  Vg  i R L  i R on  Vg  I R L  I R on

v V
i C
(t )  
R

R

v V
i C
(t )  i 
R
I
R

v L
(t )  Vg  i R L V D  i R D  v  Vg  I R L 
 Inductor voltage and capacitor current waveforms
for the converter

v L
(t )
Vg  I R L  I R on

Vg  I R L  I R D V D
t
V
I
R
i C
(t )

V

R
 The dc component of the inductor voltage is given by
D  Vg  I R L  I R on   D '  Vg  I R L  I R D V D   0

By collecting terms and noting that D+D’=1, we obtain

Vg  I R L  ID R on  D 'V D  I D ' R D  D 'V  0

This equation describes the dc components of the voltages around a loop containing the
inductor , with loop current equal to the dc inductor current I.
IR ID R
I L
D 'V
on
ID'R D D

+ - +
I + - + - + -
Vg D 'V
-
-
The dc component of the capacitor current is

 V  V
i C
(t )  D    D '  I    0
 R  R

Upon collecting terms,one obtains,

V
D'I  0
R

R V/R

++
D’I
V

_
 D 'V D I D ' RD

++
+ - +
I + - + - + - D 'V V
-
-
_