Cerebral hemisphere Diencephalon

Cerebellum Brainstem: (covered by cerebrum)

Midbrain
Pons Medulla oblongata Spinal cord (d) Brain at birth (the diencephalon and superior portion of the brain stem have been projected to the surface)

Gyruses are what made up the cerebrum. Sulci: the lines in between

View
DIENCEPHALON: Thalamus Hypothalamus Pineal gland (part of epithalamus)

CEREBRUM Septum colossal

Pituitary gland

POSTERIOR

ANTERIOR

(a) Sagittal section, medial view

CEREBRUM DIENCEPHALON: Thalamus

Hypothalamus
BRAIN STEM: Midbrain CEREBELLUM Pons Medulla oblongata Spinal cord (b) Sagittal section, medial view

Frontal plane

Superior sagittal sinus Skin Periosteal layer Meningeal layer Subarachnoid space Arachnoid villus Falx cerebri Cerebral cortex Parietal bone of cranium CRANIAL MENINGES: Dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia mater

(a) Anterior view of frontal section through skull showing the cranial meninges

Subarachnoid space

CRANIAL MENINGES: Dura mater Arachnoid mater

Pia mater

(c) Anterior view of frontal section

POSTERIOR

ANTERIOR LATERAL VENTRICLES

Cerebrum

FOURTH VENTRICLE

THIRD VENTRICLE AQUEDUCT OF THE MIDBRAIN (CEREBRAL AQUEDUCT)

(a) Right lateral view of brain

Longitudinal fissure

LATERAL VENTRICLES

THIRD VENTRICLE

INTERVENTRICULAR FORAMEN AQUEDUCT OF THE MIDBRAIN

Pons

FOURTH VENTRICLE MEDIAN APERTURE

(b) Anterior view of brain

ANTERIOR

Olfactory bulb Olfactory tract Pituitary gland Optic tract Mammillary body

View

Cerebrum

CEREBRAL PEDUNCLE OF MIDBRAIN PONS

Cerebellar peduncles

Olive
Pyramids Spinal nerve C1 Spinal cord

MEDULLA OBLONGATA

Cerebellum

POSTERIOR Inferior aspect of brain

View

ANTERIOR

ANTERIOR LOBE

CEREBELLAR HEMISPHERE

POSTERIOR (MIDDLE) LOBE

POSTERIOR

(a) Superior view

VERMIS (worm): connects the two hemispheres

Cerebral peduncle Pineal gland

Gray matter of cerebellum is Folia Mammillary body Pons WHITE MATTER (ARBOR VITAE) FOLIA CEREBELLAR CORTEX (GRAY MATTER) Medulla oblongata

Cerebellum

Central canal of spinal cord

(d) Midsagittal section

(c) Midsagittal section of cerebellum and brain stem

POSTERIOR

ANTERIOR

Parietal lobe

Frontal lobe

Occipital lobe

Insula

Temporal lobe (cut)

Cerebellum

Medulla oblongata

Spinal cord (c) Right lateral view with temporal lobe cut away

Lateral ventricle

Body of caudate nucleus Frontal lobe of cerebrum Putamen Head of caudate nucleus

Thalamus Tail of caudate nucleus

Occipital lobe of cerebrum POSTERIOR (a) Lateral view of right side of brain

ANTERIOR

Frontal plane

View Cerebrum Longitudinal fissure Septum pellucidum Internal capsule Insula Thalamus Subthalamic nucleus Hypothalamus and associated nuclei Corpus callosum Lateral ventricle Caudate nucleus

Putamen Globus pallidus

Third ventricle

Basal nuclei

Optic tract
(b) Anterior view of frontal section

Longitudinal fissure Corpus callosum Lateral ventricle Internal capsule Fornix Insula Thalamus

Cerebral cortex Cerebral white matter Septum pellucidum Basal nuclei Caudate nucleus Putamen Globus pallidus

Hypothalamus
Optic chiasm (c) Anterior view of frontal section

Anterior commissure Third ventricle

CRANIAL NERVES: Cerebrum OLFACTORY (I) NERVE: smell Olfactory bulb Olfactory tract Optic chiasm Optic tract OPTIC (II) NERVE: vision OCULOMOTOR (III): eye move. TROCHLEAR (IV)

TRIGEMINAL (V) NERVE

Midbrain

Cerebellum Spinal cord (a) Inferior aspect of brain

DENDRITES CELL BODY Axon collateral Initial segment Axon hillock AXON Mitochondrion Nucleus of Schwann cell

Dendritic spines

Neurofibril Nucleus Cytoplasm Nissl bodies

Schwann cell: Cytoplasm

Nerve impulse Myelin sheath Neurolemma Node of Ranvier Neurofibril Axon: Axoplasm Axolemma

Axon terminal Synaptic end bulb

(a) Parts of a neuron

Presynaptic neuron

Nerve impulse

Ca2+

Ca2+ Synaptic end bulb

Ca2+ channel Synaptic vesicles

Cytoplasm

Synaptic cleft Ca2+

3

Neurotransmitter
4 5

Na+ Ligand-gated channel open

Neurotransmitter receptor Ligand-gated channel closed Postsynaptic neuron

Nerve impulse (c) Synapse between neurons

6

Epiglottis

Palatine tonsil Lingual tonsil

Vallate papilla: bitter

Fungiform papilla

Foliate papilla

Filiform papilla: tiny

(a) Dorsum of tongue showing location of papillae

Vallate papilla

Filiform papilla

Fungiform papilla

Taste bud (b) Details of papillae

Superior rectus muscle

Sagittal plane

Levator palpebrae superioris muscle

Optic nerve

Pupil Lens Iris

Cornea

(a) Sagittal section of eye and its accessory structures

Cornea Pupil Iris Lens

Retina Choroid Sclera

Optic disc Fovea centralis Optic (II) nerve (blind spot) Superior view of transverse section of right eyeball

Lacrimal gland

Upper eyelid (palpebra) Superior lacrimal canal

FLOW OF TEARS Lacrimal gland

Lacrimal ducts Lacrimal sac Superior or inferior lacrimal canal Lacrimal sac

Nasolacrimal duct

Nasolacrimal duct

Nasal cavity

(b) Anterior view of the lacrimal apparatus

Semicircular canal Malleus Frontal plane Helix Incus Vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve: Vestibular branch Cochlear branch

Auricle

Cochlea Tympanic membrane: eardrum Stapes in oval window To nasopharynx

Lobule

External ear Middle ear Internal ear

Auditory tube

Auditory ossicles

Superior ligament of malleus Incus Malleus

Posterior ligament of incus

Stapes in oval window (fenestra vestibuli) Facial (VII) nerve

Auditory tube External ear

Middle ear Internal ear Lateral ligament of malleus Anterior ligament of malleus (cut)

Round window (fenestra cochlea) Tensor tympani muscle MEDIAL Auditory tube Middle ear

LATERAL

Tympanic membrane Stapedius muscle

External auditory canal

(a) Frontal section showing location of auditory ossicles in the middle ear