Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) CE-217

Prof. Sharad Mhaiskar

Introductory Lectures

-1

Design of Structures - determine forces acting on the structure using structural analysis - proportion different elements economically, stability, safety, serviceability functionality Structural concrete is commonly used for different civil engineering structures

Introductory Lectures
Structural concrete concrete and steel Complimentary properties - Concrete resists compression - Steel resists tension in most cases Structural concrete plain, reinforced, prestressed.

Code of Practice
Designers guided by guidelines and specifications called Code of Practice Codes specified by different organizations to ensure public safety Codes specify design loads, allowable stresses, materials , construction types and other details US American Concrete Institute Code 318ACI 318 or ACI code

Code of Practice ACI code

Unified Design Method (UDM) is based on strength of structural members assuming failure condition crushing strength of concrete or yield of reinforcing bars Actual loads or working loads are multiplied by load factors to obtained factored design loads

Elastic Approach
Not used in ACI or rather deleted by ACI Based on Elastic Theory Assumes a straight line stress distribution along the depth of the concrete member Members are proportioned on the basis of allowable stresses on concrete and steel

Limit State design

3 limit states have to be analyzed in this method - Load carrying capacity (safety, stability - deformation ( deflections, vibrations) - crack formation

Units
SI system (System International) W= m g = 1 kg. x 9.81 m/s2 = 9.81 N 1 kN = 1000 N 1 m. = 100 cm.

Loads
Members design to resist loads Two types of loads - Dead Loads weight of structure and other elements placed on it tiles, roofing , walls - Live Loads steady / unsteady , slowly or /rapidly, laterally or vertically - weight of people, furniture, wind, temperature, earthquake etc.

Loads to be specified
ACI does not specify loads American National Standards Institute specifies loads AASHTO specifies highway and railway loading for bridges and highways

Safety Provisions
Structural Members designed for higher loads than actual to have margin / safety against failure Multiply actual loads by load factors to get factored loads Load factors depend on how accurately the loads can be estimated eg. Dead loads lower load factors compared to Live loads. Several load combinations have to be also considered to design the structure for different load combinations

Strength Reduction Factor

ACI provides for strength reduction factor to reduce the strength to account for degree of accuracy to which strength is estimated, variations on materials and dimensions and other factors

Part -2 Basics of Concrete and Steel

Basics of Cement Concrete

Cement Concrete made up of - Coarse Aggregate - Fine Aggregate - Cement - Water - Admixture Water- Cement mix produces a paste filling voids of aggregates producing a uniform dense concrete

Concrete Casting
Plastic Concrete placed in a mold Cured Left to set, harden and gain strength with time Strength of concrete depends on many factors a. Water Cement ratio b. Properties and proportions of constituents c. Method of mixing and curing d. Age of Concrete e. Loading Conditions f. Shape and Dimensions of tested specimens

Concrete Mix
Proper proportioning of different components and well graded sound aggregates give strength to concrete Admixtures give concrete desired strength and quality Concrete is subsequently poured using mixers, vibrated to get a dense mix at site and then cured to get concrete of desired strength and properties Concrete strength increases with age about 70 % in 7 days and 85-90 % in 14 days (28 days strength is a benchmark of design)

Concrete Strength
Concrete strength is measured by testing cubes (6) or cylinders (6 x 12) Performance of RCC depends on relative strength of concrete and steel Stress-strain behavior of both materials is important. Stress-strain behavior is assessed using 6x12 cylinders

 Initial straight line portion Max. stress at about 0.002 strain Rupture at about 0.003 strain Concrete strength 3000-6000 psi (2142 N/mm.2) High strength concrete recently used

Concrete Strength and Modulus

Tensile strength of concrete is low compared to compressive strength Flexural strength is 10-20 % of compressive strength Modular Ratio , Es / Ec plays an important role in design of RCC elements The ACI Code allows the use of Ec = 57,000 fc (psi) = 4700 fc Mpa Poissons ratio:- transverse to longitudinal strain 0.15 to 0.20 average 0.18

Steel Reinforcement
Steel reinforcement can be of different types - Round Bars to ( 6mm. To 36 mm.) and 1 (45 mm.) and 2 (57 mm.) - Round bars can be plain or deformed (Lect.0a) - Plain bars used for stirrups, Deformed bars used for main reinforcement to provide bond

Stress Strain Curves for Steel

Modulus of Elasticity of Reinforcement

Modulus of elasticity is constant for all types of steel The ACI Code has adopted a value of Es = 29 X 106 psi (2.0 x 105 MPa)

Part -3 Flexure Analysis of RCC Beams

Flexure Analysis of RCC Beams

The analysis and design of a structural member may be regarded as the process of selecting the proper materials and determining the member dimensions such that the design strength is equal or greater than the required strength The required strength is determined by multiplying the actual applied loads, the dead load, the assumed live load, and other loads, such as wind, seismic, earth pressure, fluid pressure, snow, and rain loads, by load factors These loads develop internal forces / stresses such as bending moments, shear, torsion, or axial forces depending on how these loads are applied to the structure

Flexure Analysis
In proportioning reinforced concrete structural members, three main items can be investigated: 1. The safety of the structure, which is maintained by providing adequate internal design strength 2. Deflection of the structural member under service loads. The maximum value of deflection must be limited and is usually specified as a factor of the span, to preserve the appearance of the structure

Flexure Analysis
3. Control of cracking conditions under service loads. Visible cracks spoil the appearance of the structure and also permit humidity to penetrate the concrete, causing corrosion of steel and consequently weakening the reinforced concrete member. The ACI Code implicitly limits crack widths to 0.016 in. (0.40mm) for interior members and 0.013 in. (0.33 mm) for exterior members. Control of cracking is achieved by adopting and limiting the spacing of the tension bars

Assumptions
RCC sections are non-homogenous since the section is made up of two materials concrete and steel Proportioning ( determining sizes and areas of each component) by ultimate strength is based on assumptions These assumptions make the design simplerbut their validity needs to be checked and kept in mind

Assumptions
1. Strain in Concrete is the same as that in reinforcing steel at that level this will happen provided the bond is adequate 2. Strain in concrete is proportional to the distance from the neutral axis 3. The modulus of elasticity of all grades of steel is taken as E, = 29 x106 lb./in2 ( 200,000 MPa or N/mm.2 ) The stress in the elastic range is equal to the strain multiplied by Es

The neutral axis is an axis in the cross section of a beam or shaft along which there are no longitudinal stresses or strains. If the section is symmetric, isotropic and is not curved before a bend occurs, then the neutral axis is at the geometric centroid. All fibers on one side of the neutral axis are in a state of tension, while those on the opposite side are in compression

Assumptions
4. Plane cross-sections continue to be plane after bending. 5. Tensile strength of concrete is neglected because a. concrete's tensile strength is only about 10% of its compressive strength, b. cracked concrete is assumed to be not effective, and c. before cracking, the entire concrete section is effective in resisting the external moment.

Assumptions
6. At failure the maximum strain at the extreme compression fibres is assumed equal to 0.003 - ACI Code provision 7. For design strength, the shape of the compressive concrete stress distribution may be assumed to be rectangular, parabolic, or trapezoidal. In this course, a rectangular shape will be assumed (ACI Code, Section 10.2)

Behavior of Simply Supported RCC Beam Loaded to Failure

Concrete being weakest in tension, a concrete beam under an assumed working load will definitely crack at the tension side, and the beam will collapse if tensile reinforcement is not provided Concrete cracks occur at a loading stage when its maximum tensile stress reaches the modulus of rupture of concrete Therefore, steel bars are used to increase the moment resisting capacity of the beam; the steel bars resist the tensile force, and the concrete resists the compressive force

Behavior of a RC beam to failure

To study the behaviour of a reinforced concrete beam under increasing load, let us examine how two beams were tested to failure. Details of the beams are shown in Fig. Both beams had a section of 4.5 in. by 8 in. (110 mm. by 200 mm), reinforced only on the tension side by two no. 5 bars. They were made of the same concrete mix. Beam 1 had no stirrups, whereas beam 2 was provided with reinforcement no. 3, stirrups, spaced at 3 in The loading system and testing procedure were the same for both beams. To determine the compressive strength of the concrete and its modulus of elasticity, Ec, a standard concrete cylinder was tested, and strain was measured at different load increments

Behavior of RC beam to Failure

Stage 1

At zero external load, each beam carried its own weight in addition to that of the loading system, which consisted of an I-beam and some plates.
Both beams behaved similarly at this stage

At any section, the entire concrete section, in addition to the steel reinforcement, resisted the bending moment and shearing forces.
Maximum stress occurred at the section of maximum bending moment-that is, at midspan. Maximum tension stress at the bottom fibers was much less than the modulus of rupture of concrete. Compressive stress at the top fibers was much less than the ultimate concrete compressive stress, f c . No cracks were observed at this stage.

Behavior of RC beam to failure

Stage 2.

This stage was reached when the external load, P, was increased from 0 to P1 , which produced tensile stresses at the bottom fibers equal to the modulus of rupture of concrete.
At this stage the entire concrete section was effective, with the steel bars at the tension side sustaining a strain equal to that of the surrounding concrete Stress in the steel bars was equal to the stress in the adjacent concrete multiplied by the modular ratio, n, the ratio of the modulus of elasticity of steel to that of concrete. (n= Es / Ec - Strain same stress not same) The compressive stress of concrete at the top fibers was still very small compared with the compressive strength, fc . The behavior of beams was elastic within this stage of loading.

Behavior of RC beam to failure

Stage 3
When the load was increased beyond P1, tensile stresses in concrete at the tension zone increased until they were greater than the modulus of rupture, and cracks developed. The neutral axis shifted upward, and cracks extended close to the level of the shifted neutral axis. Concrete in the tension zone lost its tensile strength, and the steel bars started to work effectively and to resist the entire tensile force

Between cracks, the concrete bottom fibers had tensile stresses, but they were of negligible value. It can be assumed that concrete below the neutral axis did not participate in resisting external moments

 Stage 3 contd Load increase beyond P1 In general, the development of cracks and the spacing and maximum width of cracks depend on many factors, such as the level of stress in the steel bars, distribution of steel bars in the section, concrete cover, and grade of steel used. At this stage, the deflection of the beams increased clearly, because the moment of inertia of the cracked section was less than that of the uncracked section. Cracks started about the midspan of the beam, but other parts along the length of the beam did not crack. When load was again increased, new cracks developed, extending toward the supports. The spacing of these cracks depends on the concrete cover and the level of steel stress. The width of cracks also increased. One or two of the central cracks were most affected by the load, and their crack widths increased appreciably, whereas the other crack widths increased much less.
.

Behavior of RC beam to failure

Behavior of RC beam to failure

Stage 3 contd.

At high compressive stresses, the strain of the concrete increased rapidly, and the stress of concrete at any strain level was estimated from a stress-strain graph obtained by testing a standard cylinder to failure for the same concrete. As for the steel, the stresses were still below the yield stress, and the stress at any level of strain was obtained by multiplying the strain of steel, by Es, the modulus of elasticity of steel.

Types of failures and Strain Limits

Three types of flexural failure of a structural member can be expected / designed depending on the percentage of steel used in the section 1. Tension Controlled section (also called Under-Reinforced) 2. Balanced Section 3. Compression controlled (also called Over Reinforced )

Tension Controlled Section

Steel may reach its yield strength before the concrete reaches its maximum strength, Fig. 3.3 a. In this case, the failure is due to the yielding of steel reaching a high strain equal to or greater than 0.005. The section contains a relatively small amount of steel and is called a tension-controlled section.

Stress Strain Curves for Steel

Fig. 3.3 a

Balanced Section
Steel may reach its yield strength at the same time as concrete reaches its ultimate strength, Fig. 3.3b. The section is called a balanced section.

Fig. 3.3 b

Compression Controlled Section

Concrete may fail before the yield of steel, Fig. 3.3 c, due to the presence of a high percentage of steel in the section. In this case, the concrete strength and its maximum strain of 0.003 are reached, but the steel stress is less than the yield strength, that is, fs is less than fy . The strain in the steel is equal to or less than 0.002. This section is called a compression-controlled section.

Compression Controlled Section

Fig. 3c

Choice of Type of Section

In beams designed as tension-controlled sections, steel yields before the crushing of concrete. Cracks widen extensively, giving warning before the concrete crushes and the structure collapses. The ACI Code adopts this type of design. In beams designed as balanced or compressioncontrolled sections, the concrete fails suddenly, and the beam collapses immediately without warning. The ACI Code does not allow this type of design.

Strain Limits for Tension and Tension Controlled Sections

The design provisions for both reinforced concrete members are based on the concept of tension or compression-controlled sections, ACI Code, Section 10.3. Both are defined in terms of tensile strain (TS), (, in the extreme tension steel at nominal strength) Moreover, two other conditions may develop: (1) the balanced strain condition and , (2) the transition region condition. These four conditions are defined in the next few slides:

Strain Limits in Tension and Tension Controlled Sections

Compression-controlled sections are those sections in which the Tensile strain, TS, in the extreme tension steel at nominal strength is equal to or less than the compression controlled strain limit at the time when concrete in compression reaches its assumed strain limit of 0.003, ( concrete = 0.003). For grade 60 steel, (fy = 60 ksi), the compression-controlled strain limit may be taken as a net strain of 0.002, Fig. 3.4a. This case occurs mainly in columns subjected to axial forces and moments.

Strain in Tension and Tension Controlled Sections

Tension-controlled sections are those sections in which the TS, tensile , is equal to or greater than 0.005 just as the concrete in the compression reaches its assumed strain limit of 0.003, Fig. 3.4 c Sections in which the TS in the extreme tension steel lies between the compression controlled strain limit (0.002 for f , = 60 ksi) and the tensioncontrolled strain limit of 0.005 constitute the transition region, Fig. 3.4b.

Strain levels

Balanced Section
The balanced strain condition develops in the section when the tension steel, with the first yield, reaches a strain corresponding to its yield strength, fy , or s = fy/Es just as the maximum strain in concrete at the extreme compression fibers reaches 0.003, Fig. 3.5.

Load Factors
For the design of structural members, the factored design load is obtained by multiplying the dead load by a load factor and the specified live load by another load factor The magnitude of the load factor must be adequate to limit the probability of sudden failure and to permit an economical structural design The choice of a proper load factor or a proper factor of safety depends mainly on the importance of the structure (whether a courthouse or a warehouse), the degree of warning needed prior to collapse, the importance of each structural member (whether a beam or column), the expectation of overload, the accuracy of artisanry, and the accuracy of calculations

Load Factors
Based on historical studies of various structures, experience, and the principles of probability, the ACI Code adopts a load factor of 1.2 for dead loads and 1.6 for live loads. The dead load factor is smaller, because the dead load can be computed with a greater degree of certainty than the live load.

The choice of factors reflects the degree of the economical design as well as the degree of safety and serviceability of the structure. It is also based on the fact that the performance of the structure under actual loads must be satisfactorily within specific limits. If the required strength is denoted by U (ACI Code, Section 9.2), and those due to wind and seismic forces are W and E, respectively, according to the ACI Code, the required strength U, shall be the most critical of the following factors (based on the ASCE 7-05)

Load Combinations

Load Combinations

Strength Reduction Factor

Strength Reduction Factors

Analysis and Design

Compressive Stress Distribution

The distribution of compressive concrete stresses at failure may be assumed to be a rectangle, trapezoid, parabola, or any other shape that is in good agreement with test results. When a beam is about to fail, the steel will yield first if the section is under-reinforced, and in this case the stress in steel is equal to the yield stress. If the section is over-reinforced, concrete crushes first and the strain is assumed to be equal to 0.003

Balanced Section
In Fig. 3.7, if concrete fails, c, = 0.003, and if steel yields, as in the case of a balanced section, fs = fy

Compressive Stress Distribution

A compressive force, C, develops in the compression zone and a tension force, T, develops in the tension zone at the level of the steel bars. The position of force T is known, because its line of application coincides with the center of gravity of the steel bars. The position of compressive force C is not known unless the compressive volume is known and its center of gravity is located. If that is done, the moment arm, which is the vertical distance between C and T, will consequently be known.

Balanced Section
In Fig. 3.7, if concrete fails, c, = 0.003, and if steel yields, as in the case of a balanced section, fs = fy

Compressive force location

The compression force, C, is represented by the volume of the stress block, which has the non uniform shape of stress over the rectangular hatched area of bc. This volume may be considered equal to C = bc(1fc), where 1fc is an assumed average stress of the non uniform stress block.

Compressive Force Diagram

The position of compression force C is at a distance z from the top fibers, which can be considered as a fraction of the distance c (the distance from the top fibers to the neutral axis), and z can be assumed to be equal to 2c, where 2 < 1. The values of 1 and 2 have been estimated from many tests, and their values, as suggested by Mattock, Kriz, and Hognestad , are as follows and also adopted by ACI:

Compressive Stress Distribution Balanced Section

SINGLY REINFORCED RECTANGULAR SECTION IN BENDING

Balanced condition is achieved when steel yields at the same time as the concrete fails, and that failure usually happens suddenly. This implies that the yield strain in the steel is reached (y = fy/ES,) and that the concrete has reached its maximum strain of 0.003. The percentage of reinforcement used to produce a balanced condition is called the balanced steel ratio, b.

Singly Reinforced Beam Balanced Section

This value is equal to the area of steel, As, divided by the effective cross-section, b* d: b = As / b *d (For % multiply by 100) where b = width of the compression face of the member d = distance from the extreme compression fiber to the centroid of the longitudinal tension reinforcement

Equations for Analysis and Design

Two basic equations for the analysis and design of structural members are the two equations of equilibrium that are valid for any load and any section: 1. The compression force should be equal to the tension force 2. The internal bending moment, Mn, is equal to either the compressive force, C, multiplied by its arm or the tension force, T , multiplied by the same lever arm:

Internal Moment Mn and Bending Moment Mu

Internal Moment

Balanced Section
Let us consider the case of a balanced section, which implies that at ultimate load the strain in concrete equals 0.003 and that of steel equals the first yield stress at distance dt divided by the modulus of elasticity of steel, fy /ES,

 Step 1. From the strain diagram of Fig. 3.11,

Balanced Section

Balanced Section

Balanced Section

Balanced Section Steel %

Because Balanced section steel is used

Balanced Section Steel %

Internal Moment

Design Moment

Ratio of a to d