Alberts Johnson Lewis Raff Roberts Walter

Molecular Biology of the Cell

Fifth Edition

Chapter 17 The Cell Cycle

Copyright Garland Science 2008

Prokaryotic Cell Division

Bacterial cells reproduce by Binary Fission Much simpler process than in eukaryotic organisms (why?) Begins with DNA replication (why?); each copy moves to opposite sides of cell Followed by elongation of cell, and formation of a septum (separation) between the two halves, forming two new cells Results in two cells that are identical (clones) of original cells

Prokaryotic Cell Division

Bacterial cells reproduce by Binary Fission Much simpler process than in eukaryotic organisms (why?) Begins with DNA replication (why?); each copy moves to opposite sides of cell Followed by elongation of cell, and formation of a septum (separation) between the two halves, forming two new cells Results in two cells that are identical (clones) of original cells

Binary Fission

Eukaryotic Cell Division

Two forms
Mitosis
grow, replace dead or worn out cells, or to repair wounds Asexual reproduction in fungi, protists, some plants/animals

Meiosis
Sexual reproduction

DNA and Cell Division

During cell division, the genetic material DNA, needs to be copied and divided between the two new cells DNA in cells is divided into long chains called chromosomes (volumes of DNA) Chromosome DNA is wrapped around proteins called histones to organize it Nucleosome: unit of DNA wrapped around histones

Eukaryotic Chromosome Structure

Normally, chromosomes are spead out in a form called chromatin
During mitosis, chromosomes fold up and condense

Eukaryotic Chromosomes
Chromosomes must be replicated before cell division. -Replicated chromsomes are connected to each other at their kinetochores -cohesin complex of proteins holding replicated chromosomes together -sister chromatids: 2 copies of the chromosome within the replicated chromosome

Chromosome structure
Normally chromosomes are spread out & not identifiable (chromatin) At the start of mitosis they condense & take the form shown The replicated chromosomes stay together and are called sister chromatids Sister chromatids are attached at the centromere by proteins called cohesins The other side of the centromeres contain other proteins called kinetochore

Figure 17-3 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Figure 17-4 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Figure 17-14 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Control of the Cell Cycle

cyclins proteins produced in synchrony with the cell cycle -regulate passage of the cell through cell cycle checkpoints
cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) enzymes that drive the cell cycle -activated only when bound by a cyclin

Figure 17-15 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Figure 17-16 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Table 17-1 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Figure 17-17 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Figure 17-18 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Figure 17-19 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Figure 17-20a Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Figure 17-20b Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Table 17-2 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Figure 17-21 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Figure 17-24 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Figure 17-26 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Figure 17-28 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Figure 17-30 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Figure 17-36a,b Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Figure 17-36c Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Figure 17-43 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Figure 17-43a Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Figure 17-43b Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Figure 17-44 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Figure 17-46 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Figure 17-46 (part 1 of 2) Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Figure 17-46 (part 2 of 2) Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Figure 17-47 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Figure 17-48 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Figure 17-49a Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Figure 17-49b Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Figure 17-49c Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Figure 17-50a Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Figure 17-50b Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Figure 17-50c Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Figure 17-51a Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Figure 17-51b Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Cytokinesis
Cytoplasmic Division Usually occurs between late anaphase and end of telophase Two mechanisms
Cell plate formation (plants) Cleavage (animals)

Cytokinesis: Plant Cells

Cell Plate Formation

Figure 9.8 Page 158

Figure 17-52 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Control of the Cell Cycle

Growth factors: -can influence the cell cycle -trigger intracellular signaling systems -can override cellular controls that otherwise inhibit cell division platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) triggers cells to divide during wound healing

Control of the Cell Cycle

Cancer is a failure of cell cycle control.
Two kinds of genes can disturb the cell cycle when they are mutated: 1. tumor-suppressor genes 2. proto-oncogenes

Control of the Cell Cycle

Tumor-suppressor genes: -prevent the development of many cells containing mutations -for example, p53 halts cell division if damaged DNA is detected -p53 is absent or damaged in many cancerous cells

Control of the Cell Cycle

Proto-oncogenes: -some encode receptors for growth factors -some encode signal transduction proteins -become oncogenes when mutated -oncogenes can cause cancer when they are introduced into a cell

Figure 17-62 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Figure 17-62 (part 1 of 3) Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Figure 17-62 (part 2 of 3) Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Figure 17-62 (part 3 of 3) Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Figure 17-63 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Figure 17-63 (part 1 of 2) Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Figure 17-63 (part 2 of 2) Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Figure 17-64 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Figure 17-65 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Figure 17-66 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Figure 17-67 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)

Figure 17-69 Molecular Biology of the Cell ( Garland Science 2008)