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  • Automated Flow Injection Analysis

    Transféré par

    Mae Diyah
    52 vues13 pages
    Flow-injection analysis was first described in the mid-1970s as an outgrowth of segmented-flow methods used in clinical labs in the 1960s-1970s. The method uses automated analytical systems to rapidly inject samples into a continuously moving carrier solution to transport the analyte through a reactor and detector. Automated instruments offer economic advantages over manual methods due to increased speed and reproducibility. A peristaltic pump is typically used to move the solution through the system by squeezing plastic tubing. Sample injection mixes the analyte with reagent to form a reaction product that is then detected, with the signal proportional to analyte concentration. Speciation of chromium is important because trivalent and hexavalent forms have very

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    kimia analisis

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    Flow Injection Analysis

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    Flow-injection analysis was first described in the mid-1970s as an outgrowth of segmented-flow methods used in clinical labs in the 1960s-1970s. The method uses automated analytical systems to rapidly inject samples into a continuously moving carrier solution to transport the analyte through a reactor and detector. Automated instruments offer economic advantages over manual methods due to increased speed and reproducibility. A peristaltic pump is typically used to move the solution through the system by squeezing plastic tubing. Sample injection mixes the analyte with reagent to form a reaction product that is then detected, with the signal proportional to analyte concentration. Speciation of chromium is important because trivalent and hexavalent forms have very

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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    52 vues13 pages

    Automated Flow Injection Analysis

    Transféré par

    Mae Diyah
    Flow-injection analysis was first described in the mid-1970s as an outgrowth of segmented-flow methods used in clinical labs in the 1960s-1970s. The method uses automated analytical systems to rapidly inject samples into a continuously moving carrier solution to transport the analyte through a reactor and detector. Automated instruments offer economic advantages over manual methods due to increased speed and reproducibility. A peristaltic pump is typically used to move the solution through the system by squeezing plastic tubing. Sample injection mixes the analyte with reagent to form a reaction product that is then detected, with the signal proportional to analyte concentration. Speciation of chromium is important because trivalent and hexavalent forms have very

    Droits d'auteur :

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Téléchargez comme PPT, PDF, TXT ou lisez en ligne sur Scribd
    Signaler comme contenu inapproprié
    sur 13

    First described in the mid 70s.

    Flow-injection methods are and outgrowth of segmented-flow procedures, widely used in clinical laboratories in the 1960s and 1970s for automatic routine determination of a variety of species in blood and urine samples for medical diagnostic purposes. The method based on automatic analytical systems

    Automated instruments offer a major economic advantage because of their savings in labor costs. Their speed, which is frequently significantly greater than that of manual devices. A well-designed analyzer can usually produce more reproducible results over a long period of time than can an operator employing a manual instrument.

    Ordinarily, the solution in a flow-injection analysis is moved through the system by a peristaltic pump, a device in which a fluid (liquid or gas) is squeezed through plastic tubing by rollers.

    The injectors and detectors employed in flow-injection analysis are similar in kind and performance requirements to those used in HPLC. For successful analysis, it is vital that the sample solution be infected rapidly as a pulse or plug of liquid

    Principle

    The FI technique is based on injection of sample solution into a continuously moving carrier solution that transports the assayed species through the reactor and into the detector. The assay protocol comprises the following steps : A) Sample injection is designed to meter an exact volume of analyte solution into a flowing stream of reagent. B) As the sample zone (red) moves downstream, the dispersion process mixes sample with reagent forming a reaction product (yellow). The extent of mixing and the length of reaction time is controlled by the flow rate, by channel volume, and by channel geometry. C) The reaction mixture flows through the detector yielding an analytical readout. Since all standards and samples to be analyzed are individually processed in exactly the same way, the calibration curve is valid for samples to be assayed. D) The peak height recorded by the detector is proportional to the analyte concentration.

    Figure 2. Profile of Signal Precision

    Chromium can be in many different forms ranging from Cr0 to Cr6+ Most commonly found as Cr(VI) and Cr(III) in the environment

    Chromium Speciation Important!

    The characteristics and properties of trivalent chromium and hexavalent chromium are greatly different.

    Hexavalent Chromium Cr(VI)


    CrO42-, Cr2O72-, H2CrO4, HCrO4-

    Trivalent Chromium Cr(III)


    Cr(OH)2+, Cr(OH)2, Cr(OH)30 Less soluble Less mobile Less toxic

    Highly soluble
    Highly mobile Very toxic (known carcinogen)

    Enrichment Factor (comparing signal produced with and without preconcentration) Concentration efficiency: expressed as the ratio of EF to the analysis frequency per minute/ time consumption for one signal Consumptive index : the volume of reagent required for one sequence of analysis: carriersample-carrier-eluen

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