Ch4 Sinusoidal Circuit Analysis

Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis
4.1 Characteristics of Sinusoidal

4.2 Phasors
4.3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C
4.4 Impedance
4.5 Parallel and Series Resonance
4.6 Examples for Sinusoidal Circuits Analysis

References: Hayt-Ch7; Gao-Ch3;
Engineering Circuit Analysis
Any steady state voltage or current in a linear circuit with a
sinusoidal source is a sinusoid
All steady state voltages and currents have the same frequency as
the source
In order to find a steady state voltage or current, all we need to know
is its magnitude and its phase relative to the source (we already know
its frequency)
We do not have to find this differential equation from the circuit, nor
do we have to solve it
Instead, we use the concepts of phasors and complex impedances
Phasors and complex impedances convert problems involving
differential equations into circuit analysis problems
Focus on steady state; Focus on sinusoids.
Key Words:
Period: T ,
Frequency: f , Radian frequency e
Phase angle
Amplitude: V
m
I
m

( )
t V v
m t
e sin =

i

I
1
I
1
I
1 I
1 I
1 I
1
R
1
R
1

R

5O
5O

+
_
I
S
.
E

|I
1
U
1

+
-
U

o

i

I
1 I
1 I
1 I
1
R
1
R
1

R

5O
5O

-
+
I
S
.
E

|I
1
U
1

+
-
U

o
vi
t
t
1
t
2
0
Both the polarity and magnitude of voltage are changing.
Radian frequency(Angular frequency): e = 2tf = 2t/T (rad/s
Period: T Time necessary to go through one cycle. (s)
Frequency: f Cycles per second. (Hz)
f = 1/T
Amplitude: V
m
I
m
i = I
m
sinet v =V
m
sinet
vi
et
t 2t 0
V
m
I
m

Effective Roof Mean Square (RMS) Value of a Periodic
Waveform is equal to the value of the direct current which is
flowing through an R-ohm resistor. It delivers the same average
power to the resistor as the periodic current does.
R I Rdt i
T
T
2
0
2
1
=
}
Effective Value of a Periodic Waveform
}
=
T
eff
dt i
T
I
0
2
1
2 2
1
2
2 cos 1
sin
1
2
0
2
0
2 2
m
m
T
m
T
m eff
I T
I
T
dt
t
T
I
tdt I
T
I = =
= =
} }
e
e
2
1
0
2
m
T
eff
V
dt v
T
V = =
}
Phase (angle)
( ) e + = t I i
m
sin
( )
sin
0 m
I i =
Phase angle
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
<0
>0
) sin(
1
e + = t V v
m
Phase difference
2 1 2 1
) ( e e = + + = = A t t
i v
0
2 1
> = A v(t) leads i(t) by (
1
-
2
), or i(t) lags v(t) by (
1
-
2
)

) sin(
2
e + = t I i
m
2
2 1
t
= = A
vi
et
v
i
t = = A
2 1
Out of phase
et
vi
v
i
vi
et
v
i
0
2 1
= = A
In phase.
0
2 1
< = A
v(t) lags i(t) by (
2
-
1
), or i(t) leads v(t) by (
2
-
1
)

Review
The sinusoidal waves whose phases are compared must:
Be written as sine waves or cosine waves.
With positive amplitudes.
Have the same frequency.
360 does not change anything.
90 change between sin & cos.
180 change between + & -
2
sin cos cos
3 2
cos sin
2
t
u u t u
t
u u
| | | |
- = + =
| |
\ . \ .
| |
- = +
|
\ .
Phase difference
P4.1,
( )
30 314 sin 2 220

1
= t v
( ) ( )

90 30 314 sin 2 220 30 314 cos 2 220
2
+ + = + = t t v
( )
120 314 sin 2 220 + = t

150 120 30
2 1
= = = A
( )
30 314 cos 2 220

2
+ = t v
( )
30 314 cos 2 220

2
+ = t v
( )

180 30 314 cos 2 220 + + = t
( ) | |

210 314 360 cos 2 220 + = t
( )

90 150 314 sin 2 220 + = t
( )
60 314 sin 2 220 = t

30 60 30
2 1
= + = = A
Find ? = A
( )
30 314 cos 2 220

2
+ = t v
If
Phase difference
P4.2,
vi
et
v
i
-t/3 t/3

t
|
.
|
\
|
+
3
sin
t
et V
m
|
.
|
\
|

3
sin
t
et I
m
4.2 Phasors
Key Words:
Complex Numbers
Rotating Vector
Phasors
A sinusoidal voltage/current at a given frequency , is
characterized by only two parameters :amplitude an phase
4.2 Phasors
E.g. voltage response
A sinusoidal v/i
Complex transform
Phasor transform
By knowing angular
frequency rads/s.
Time domain
Frequency domain
( ) { }
e
R v t
Complex form:
( ) ( )
cos
m
v t V t e = +
Phasor form:
( )
( ) j t
m
v t V e
e +
=
Angular frequency is
known in the circuit.
Z = | |
m
V V
Z = | |
m
V V
4.2 Phasors
Rotating Vector
( ) e + = t I t i
m
sin ) (
i
I
m

et
1

i
et
I
m

et
x
y
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
max
cos sin
sin
j t
m m m
j t
m m
I e I t jI t
i t I t I I e
e
e
e e
e
+
+
= + + +
= + =
A complex coordinates number:
Real value:
i(t
1
)
Imag
4.2 Phasors
Rotating Vector
V
m

x
y
0

e
) sin( e + = t V v
m
4.2 Phasors
Complex Numbers
jb a A + =
Rectangular Coordinates
( ) sin cos j A A + =
j
e A A = Polar Coordinates
j
e A A jb a A = + =
conversion 2 2
b a A + =
a
b
arctg =
jb a e A
j
+
cos A a =
sin A b =

a
b
real axis
imaginary axis
j j j e
j
= = =
0 90 sin 90 cos
90

4.2 Phasors
Complex Numbers
Arithmetic With Complex Numbers
Addition: A = a + jb, B = c + jd, A + B = (a + c) + j(b + d)
Real Axis
Imaginary Axis
A B
A + B
4.2 Phasors
Complex Numbers
Subtraction : A = a + jb, B = c + jd, A - B = (a - c) + j(b - d)
Real
Axis
Imaginary
Axis
A B
A - B
4.2 Phasors
Complex Numbers
Multiplication : A = A
m
Z
A
, B = B
m
Z
B

A B = (A
m
B
m
) Z (
A
+
B
)
Division: A = A
m
Z
A
, B = B
m
Z
B
A / B = (A
m
/ B
m
) Z (
A

B
)
4.2 Phasors
Phasors
A phasor is a complex number that represents the
magnitude and phase of a sinusoid:
( ) e + t i
m
cos
Z =
m
I I
Phasor Diagrams
A phasor diagram is just a graph of several phasors
on the complex plane (using real and imaginary axes).
A phasor diagram helps to visualize the relationships
between currents and voltages.
) sin( ) cos(
) (
e e
e e
+ + + = =
+
t A j t A e A Ae
t j t j
4.2 Phasors
Complex Exponentials
j
e A A =
) cos( | | } Re{ e
e
+ = t A Ae
t j
A real-valued sinusoid is the real part of a complex exponential.
Complex exponentials make solving for AC steady state an
algebraic problem.
Key Words:
I-V Relationship for R, L and C,
Power conversion
v~i relationship for a resistor

_
v

i

I
1
I
1
I
1 I
1 I
1 I
1
R
1
R
1

R

5O
5O

+
+
_
U
S
I
S
.
E

|I
1
U
1

+
-
U

o
o
t I t
R
V
R
v
i
m
m
e e sin sin = = =
t V v
m
e sin =
Relationship between RMS:
R
V
I =
Wave and Phasor diagrams
vi
et
v
i
I
V
R
V
I

=
Resistor
Suppose
Time domain frequency domain Resistor
With a resistor , v(t) and i(t) are in phase .
) cos( ) (
) cos( ) (
|
u
+ =
+ =
wt I t i
wt V t v
m
m
I R V
RI V
e RI e V
e RI e V
m m
j
m
j
m
wt j
m
wt j
m

=
Z = Z
=
=
+ +
| u
| u
| u ) ( ) (
Power Resistor

_
v

i

I
1
I
1
I
1 I
1 I
1 I
1
R
1
R
1

R

5O
5O

+
+
_
U
S
I
S
.
E

|I
1
U
1

+
-
U

o
o p>0
t I t V vi p
m m
e e sin sin = =
t V I
m m
e
2
sin =
( ) t
V I
m m
e 2 cos 1
2
= t IV IV e 2 cos =
vi
et
v
i
P=IV
}
=
T
pdt
T
P
0
1
( )
}
= =
T
VI dt t VI
T
0
2 cos 1
1
e
R
V
R I IV P
2
2
= = =
Average Power
Transient Power
Note: I and V are RMS values.
Resistor
P4.4 , R=10OFind i and P
t v 314 sin 311 =
( ) V
V
V
m
220
2
311
2
= = =
( ) A
R
V
I 22
10
220
= = =
t i 314 sin 2 22 = ( ) W IV P 4840 22 220 = = =
v~i relationship Inductor
dt
di
L v v
AB
= =
( )
t L I
dt
t I d
L
dt
di
L v
m
m
e e
e
cos
sin
= = =
( )
90 sin + = t L I
m
e e
( )
90 sin + = t V
m
e
}

=
t
vdt
L
i
1
} }
+ =

t
vdt
L
vdt
L
0
0
1 1
}
+ =
t
vdt
L
i
0
0
1
t I i
m
e sin = Suppose
v~i relationship Inductor
( )
90 sin + = t L I
m
e e
dt
di
L v =
( )
90 sin + = t V
m
e
L I V
m m
e =
Relationship between RMS: L I V e =
L
V
I
e
=
fL L X
L
t e 2 = = ( ) O
For DCf = 0X
L
= 0.
f X
L

v(t) leads i(t) by 90, or i(t) lags v(t) by 90
v ~ i relationship Inductor
) ( ) ( t Li j Le j I
dt
di
L t v
t j
m
e e
e
= = =
i(t) = I
m
e
jet

Represent v(t) and i(t) as phasors: I L j V

e =
L
jX
V
L j
V
I

= =
e
The derivative in the relationship between v(t) and i(t) becomes a
multiplication by je in the relationship between and .
The time-domain differential equation has become the algebraic equation in the
frequency-domain.
Phasors allow us to express current-voltage relationships for inductors and
capacitors in a way such as we express the current-voltage relationship for a
resistor.

V

v ~ i relationship Inductor
vi
et
v
i
e
L

V
L
X I j V

=
Power Inductor
vi p =
( ) t I t V
m m
e e sin 90 sin

+ = t t I V
m m
e e sin cos =
t
I V
m m
e 2 sin
2
= t VI e 2 sin =
P
et
vi
et
v
i
+ +
- -
2 2
max
2
1
LI LI W
m
= =
2
0 0
2
1
Li Lidi vidt W
i t
= = =
} }
Energy stored:
} }
= = =
T T
tdt VI
T
pdt
T
P
0 0
0 2 sin
1 1
e
Average Power
Reactive Power
L
L
X
V
X I IV Q
2
2
= = =
Var
Inductor
P4.5L = 10mHv = 100sinetFind i
L
when f = 50Hz and 50kHz.
( ) O = = =

14 . 3 10 10 50 2 2
3
t tfL X
L
( )
( ) ( )A t t i
A
X
V
I
L
L
90 sin 2 5 . 22
5 . 22
14 . 3
2 / 100
50
=
= = =
e
( ) O = = =

3140 10 10 10 50 2 2
3 3
t tfL X
L
( )
( ) ( )mA t t i
mA
X
V
I
L
L
k
90 sin 2 5 . 22
5 . 22
14 . 3
2 / 100
50
=
= = =
e
v ~ i relationship Capacitor

_
v

i

I
1
I
1
I
1
I
1 I
1
I
1
R
1
R
1
5O
5O

+
+
_
U
S
I
S
.
E

|I
1
U
1

+
-
U

o
o
C
dt
dv
C
dt
dq
i = =
t V v
m
e sin = Suppose:
( )
90 sin cos + = = t CV t CV i
m m
e e e e ( )
90 sin + = t I
m
e
} } } }

+ = + = =
t t t
idt
c
v idt
c
idt
c
idt
c
v
0
0
0
0
1 1 1 1
i(t) leads v(t) by 90, or v(t) lags i(t) by 90
Relationship between RMS:
C
X
V
C
V
CV I = = =
e
e
1
( ) O
fC C
X
C
t e 2
1 1
= =
For DCf = 0 X
C

f
X
C
1
m m
CV I e =

_
v

i

I
1
I
1
I
1
I
1 I
1
I
1
R
1
R
1
5O
5O

+
+
_
U
S
I
S
.
E

|I
1
U
1

+
-
U

o
o
C
v(t) = V
m
e
jet
Represent v(t) and i(t) as phasors:
C
jX
V
V C j I
-

= = e
The derivative in the relationship between v(t) and i(t) becomes a
multiplication by je in the relationship between and .
The time-domain differential equation has become the algebraic equation in the
frequency-domain.
Phasors allow us to express current-voltage relationships for inductors and
capacitors much like we express the current-voltage relationship for a resistor.

t j
m
t j
m
e CV j
dt
e dV
C
dt
t dv
C t i
e
e
e = = =
) (
) (
V

vi
et
v
i
I
C
X I j V

=
Power Capacitor
Average Power: P=0
Reactive Power
C
C
X
V
X I IV Q
2
2
= = = Var
( )
90 sin sin + = = t I t V vi p
m m
e e
t VI t
I V
m m
e e 2 sin 2 sin
2
= =
P
et
vi
et
v
i
+ +
- -
Energy stored:
} } }
= = = =
t v v
Cv Cvdv dt
dt
dv
C v vidt W
0 0
2
0
2
1
2 2
max
2
1
CV CV W
m
= =
Capacitor
P4.7Suppose C=20FAC source v=100sinetFind
X
C
and I for

f = 50Hz, 50kHz
O = = = = 159
2
1 1
Hz 50
fC C
X f
c
t e
A 38 . 1
2
= = =
c
m
c
X
V
X
V
I
( ) O = = = = 159 . 0
2
1 1
KHz 50
fC C
X f
c
t e
( ) A 1380
2
= = =
c
m
c
X
V
X
V
I
Review (v-I relationship)
Time domain Frequency domain
i R v = I R V

=
I
C j
V

=
e
1
I L j V

= e
dt
di
L v
L
=
dt
dv
C v
C
=
C
X
C
e
1
=
L X
L
e =
,
,
, v and i are in phase.
, v leads i by 90.
, v lags i by 90.
R
C
L
Summary
R
R X
R
= 0 = A
L
f fL L X
L
= = t e 2
2
t
= = A
i v
C
f fc c
X
C
1
2
1 1
= =
t e
2
t
= = A
i v
IX V =
Frequency characteristics of an Ideal Inductor and Capacitor:
A capacitor is an open circuit to DC currents;
A Inducter is a short circuit to DC currents.
4.4 Impedance
Key Words:
complex currents and voltages.
Impedance
Phasor Diagrams
AC steady-state analysis using phasors allows us to express the
relationship between current and voltage using a formula that looks
likes Ohms law:
4.4 Impedance
Complex voltage Complex current Complex Impedance
v m
j
m
V e V V
v
Z = =
i m
j
m
I e I I
i
Z = =

Z = = = =

Z e Z e
I
V
I
V
Z
j j
m
m
i v
) (
Z I V

= Z is called impedance.
measured in ohms (O)
4.4 Impedance
Complex Impedance

Z = = = =

Z e Z e
I
V
I
V
Z
j j
m
m
i v
) (
Complex impedance describes the relationship between the

voltage across an element (expressed as a phasor) and the
current through the element (expressed as a phasor)
Impedance is a complex number and is not a phasor (why?).
Impedance depends on frequency
4.4 Impedance
Complex Impedance
Z
R
= R A 0; or Z
R
= R Z 0
ResistorThe impedance is R
c
j
c
jX
C
j
e
C
Z =
= =

e e
t
2
1
)
2
(
t
= = A
i v
or
90
1
Z =
C
Z
C
e
CapacitorThe impedance is 1/jeC

L
j
L
jX L j Le Z = = = e e
t
2
)
2
(
t
= = A
i v
or
90 Z = L Z
L
e
InductorThe impedance is jeL
4.4 Impedance
Complex Impedance
Impedance in series/parallel can be combined as resistors.

_
U
U

I
1
I
1
I
1 I
1 I
1 I
1
Z
1
5O
5O

+
+
_
U
S
I
S
.
E

o
|I
1
+
U
1

+
-
|
Z
2
Z
n
o

I
=
= + + + =
n
k
k n
Z Z Z Z Z
1
2 1
...

_
U
S
I
1
I
1
I
1
I
1
I
1
I
1 I
1
I
1

R
1
R
1

Z
n
5O
5O

+
+
_
U
S
I
S
.
U
1

+
-
U

o

Z
2
Z
1
o
=
= + + + =
n
k k n
Z Z Z Z Z
1 2 1
1 1
...
1 1 1
2 1
1
2
2 1
2
1
Z Z
Z
I I
Z Z
Z
I I
+
=
+
=

Current divider:
=
=
n
k
k
i
i
Z
Z
V V
1

Voltage divider:
4.4 Impedance
Complex Impedance

_
I
1
I
1
I
1 I
1
R
1
R
1
5O
5O

+
+
_
U
S
I
S
.
E

-
|I
1
+
U
1

+
-
|
I
1
V

+
I

o
o

1
I

Z
1
Z
2
Z

-
P4.8,
( )
2 1 2 1
2
2 1 2 1
2
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
1 1
ZZ Z Z ZZ
Z V
I
ZZ Z Z ZZ
Z Z V
Z Z
Z
V
I
Z Z
Z
I I
+ +
=
+ +
+
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ +
=
+
=

4.4 Impedance
Complex Impedance
Phasors and complex impedance allow us to use Ohms law with
complex numbers to compute current from voltage and voltage
from current
20kO
+
-
1F 10V Z 0
V
C

+
-
e = 377
Find V
C
P4.9
How do we find V
C
?
First compute impedances for resistor and capacitor:
Z
R
= 20kO = 20kO Z 0
Z
C
= 1/j (377 *1F) = 2.65kO Z -90
4.4 Impedance
Complex Impedance
20kO
+
-
1F 10V Z 0
V
C

+
-
e = 377
Find V
C
P4.9
20kO Z 0
+
-
2.65kO Z -90
10V Z 0
V
C

+
-
Now use the voltage divider to find V
C
:
Z =
Z
Z
Z =
46 . 82 V 31 . 1
54 . 7 17 . 20
90 65 . 2
0 10V
C
V
)
0 20 90 65 . 2
90 65 . 2
( 0 10

Z O + Z O
Z O
Z =
k k
k
V V
C
4.4 Impedance
Impedance allows us to use the same solution techniques
for AC steady state as we use for DC steady state.
All the analysis techniques we have learned for the
linear circuits are applicable to compute phasors
KCL & KVL
node analysis / loop analysis
superposition
Thevenin equivalents / Norton equivalents
source exchange
The only difference is that now complex numbers are
used.

Complex Impedance
4.4 Impedance
Kirchhoffs Laws
KCL and KVL hold as well in phasor domain.
KVL
0
1
=
=
n
k
k
v
v
k
- Transient voltage of the
#
k branch
0
1
=
=
n
k
k
V
KCL: 0
1
=
=
n
k
k
i
0
1
=
=
n
k
k
I
i
k
- Transient current of the
#
k branch
4.4 Impedance
Admittance
I = YV, Y is called admittance, the reciprocal of
impedance, measured in siemens (S)
Resistor:
The admittance is 1/R
Inductor:
The admittance is 1/jeL
Capacitor:
The admittance is j e C

4.4 Impedance
Phasor Diagrams
A phasor diagram is just a graph of several phasors on the complex
plane (using real and imaginary axes).
A phasor diagram helps to visualize the relationships between currents
and voltages.
2mA Z 40

1F
V
C

+

1kO
V
R

+
+

V
I = 2mA Z 40, V
R
= 2V Z 40
V
C
= 5.31V Z -50, V = 5.67V Z -29.37
Real Axis
Imaginary Axis
V
R

V
C

V
Key Words:
RLC Circuit,
Series Resonance
Parallel Resonance
v
+v
R
+v
L
+v
C
C L R
v v v v + + =
C L R
V V V V

+ + =
Phasor
A
I
L
V
C
V
R
V
IZ
X R I
X X R I
IX IX IR
V V V V
C L
C L
C L R
=
+ =
+ =
+ =
+ =
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
) (
) ( ) (
) (
C L
X X X = (
2 2
X R Z + =
2 2
)
1
(
c
L R
e
e + =
(2nd Order RLC Circuit )
Series RLC Circuit
2 2
X R Z + =
2 2
)
1
(
c
L R
e
e + = IZ V V V V
C L R
= + =
2 2
) (
Z
X = X
L
-X
C
R

V
R
V
C L X
V V V

+ =
R
X X
arctg
V
V V
arctg
C L
R
C L
=
=
-
Phase difference:
X
L
>X
C
>0v leads i by Inductance Circuit
X
L
<X
C
<0v lags i by Capacitance Circuit
X
L
=X
C
=0v and i in phaseResistors Circuit
Series RLC Circuit
C L R
V V V V

+ + =
C L
X I j X I j R I

+ =
Z I jX R I X X j R I
C L

= + = + = ) ( )] ( (
) (
C L
X X j R
I
V
Z + = =

Z = + = Z jX R Z
2 2
) (
C L
X X R Z + =
R
X X
arctg
C L

=
i v
=
v
+v
R
+v
L
+v
C
Series RLC Circuit
Series RLC Circuit
P4.9, R. L. C Series CircuitR = 30OL = 127mHC = 40FSource
. Find 1) X
L
X
C
Z2) and i; 3) and v
R
;
and v
L
; and v
C
; 4) Phasor diagrams;
P4.10Computing by (complex numbers) Phasors I
v
+v
R
+v
L
+v
C
) 20 314 sin( 2 220
o
t v + =
R
V
L
V
C
V

Series Resonance (2nd Order RLC Circuit )
C L R
V V V V

+ + =
C L
X I j X I j R I

+ =
R
X X
arctg
V
V V
arctg
C L
R
C L

=
=
C L C L
V V L
C
X X When = = = e
e
1
,
V V
R
=
0 = and Series Resonance
Resonance condition
I
L
V
C
V
V V
R

=
LC
f or
LC t
e
2
1 1
0 0
= =
f
0
f
X
C f
X
C
t 2
1
=
fL X
L
t 2 =
Resonance frequency
R
V
Z
V
I R X X R Z
C L
= = = + =
0
0
2 2
0
) (

Z
min
when V=constant, I=I
max
=I
0

When , R X X
C L
>> = R I X I X I
C L 0 0 0
>> = V V V
C L
>> =
Quality factor Q,
R
X
R
X
V
V
V
V
Q
C L C L
= = = =
C L C L
V V L
C
X X = = = )
1
( e
e
Resonance condition:
Parallel RLC Circuit
V
+
L
I
+
C
I
( )( )
) (
1
/
1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
L R
L
C j
L R
R
C j
L j R L j R
L j R
C j
L j R C j L j R
Y
e
e
e
e
e
e e
e
e
e e e
+
+
+
=
+
+

=
+
+
=
+
+
=
Parallel Resonance
Parallel Resonance frequency
L
CR
LC
2
0
1
1
= e
L
X R <<
In generally )
2
1
(
0
LC
f
t
=
LC
1
0
= e
0 ) (
2 2 2
=
+
L R
L
C
e
e
e When
2 2 2
0
L R
R
Y
e +
=
,
In phase with V
V
L
RC
C
L
R
R
V
L
LC
R
R
V
L R
R
V VY I I ~
+
=
+
=
+
= = =
2 2 2
2 2
0
2
0 0
1
e
Z
max
I
min
:
V
+
L
I
+
C
I
V
L
C
j
L
V
j
L j R
V I
L

= ~
+
=
0 0
1
e e
V
L
C
j V C j I
C

= =
0
e
0 | | | | | |
0
~ >> = I I I
C L

Z .
RC R
L
Q
0
0
1
e
e
= ~
0
I jQ I
L

=
0
I jQ I
C

=
Quality factor Q,
0 0 0 0
Y
Y
Y
Y
I
I
I
I
Q
C L L C
= = = =
P4.10,
v
i
i
1
+

i
2
O = O = O = O = 6 , 8 , 4 , 3
2 1 C L
X R X R t v 314 sin 2 220 =
Find i
1
i
2
i

Review
For sinusoidal circuit Series
2 1
v v v + =
2 1
V V V + =
2 1
i i i + =
2 1
I I I + =

Two Simple Methods:
Phasor Diagrams and Complex Numbers
Parallel :
Key Words:
Bypass Capacitor
RC Phase Difference
Low-Pass and High-Pass Filter
P4.11, Let
Bypass Capacitor
f 500HzDetermine V
AB
before the C is connected . And V
AB
after
parallel C = 30F
t ft t i t t e 1000 sin 2 10 3 2 sin 2 10 3 sin 2 10 3
3 3 3
= = =
v
i
) ( 30 10 10 3
3
mV Z I V
AB
= = =

) ( 5 . 1 500 10 3
3
V IR V
AB
= = =

Before C is connected
) ( 10
10 30 1000
1
2
1
6
O =

= =

fc
X
C
t
85 . 88 10 10 2 . 0
1 1
1
Z = =
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =

j
jX R
Z
C
After C is connected
P4.12,
RC Phase Difference
f = 300Hz, R = 100O If
vo
-
vi
= t/4C =

_
v
i
I
1
R=100O
C

5O

+
+
_
U
S
I
S
.
E

-
|I
1
+
U
1

+
-
|
I
1
+
U

o
o
+
-
o
o
_
v
o
( )
( )
C
arctg V
V
jX R
jX
V
V
C C
X
V V jX I V
V jX R I V
i
o
C
C
i
o
C
o
o v o C o
v i C i
o
i
6
4
10 31 . 5
90
10 31 . 5 1
90 | |

Z
Z
=
=
O
= =
Z = Z = =
Z = =
4
10 31 . 5
2
6
t t
=

=

C
arctg
i o
v v
4
10 31 . 5
6
t
=

C
arctg
0411 . 0
10 31 . 5
6
=

C
F 10 29 . 1
4
= C
P4.13, The voltage sources are v
i
=240+100sin2t100t(V), R200O
C50F Determine V
AC
and V
DC
in output voltage v
o
.

_
v
i
I
1
R=200O
C

5O

+
+
_
U
S
I
S
.
E

-
|I
1
+
U
1

+
-
|
I
1
+
U

o
o
+
-
o
o
_
v
o
C
R
V
V
C
R
e
1
=
C C R
RV X V =
f
X
C
1
V
DC
= 240V
O =

= =

32
10 50 100 2
1
2
1
6
t tfc
X
C
O ~ + = + = 200 32 200
2 2 2 2
C
X R Z
) ( 16 100
200
32
V
Z
V
X V
C AC
= = =
RC---- High-Pass Filter
Time
50ms 55ms 60ms 65ms 70ms 75ms 80ms 85ms 90ms 95ms 100ms
V(2)
220V
230V
240V
250V
260V

Time
V(2) V(1)
100V
200V
300V
400V
Time
V(2) V(1)
100V
200V
300V
400V
SEL>>

Frequency
0Hz 0.2KHz 0.4KHz 0.6KHz 0.8KHz 1.0KHz 1.2KHz 1.4KHz 1.6KHz 1.8KHz 2.0KHz
V(2)
0V
100V
200V
300V

Frequency
0Hz 0.2KHz 0.4KHz 0.6KHz 0.8KHz 1.0KHz 1.2KHz 1.4KHz 1.6KHz 1.8KHz 2.0KHz
V(1)
0V
100V
200V
300V

Frequency
1.0Hz 3.0Hz 10Hz 30Hz 100Hz 300Hz 1.0KHz 3.0KHz 10KHz 30KHz 100KHz
V(2)
0V
0.5V
1.0V
Time
0s 50ms 100ms 150ms 200ms 250ms 300ms 350ms 400ms 450ms 500ms 550ms 600ms
V(2) V(1)
0V
0.5V
1.0V
SEL>>

Frequency
0Hz 50Hz 100Hz 150Hz 200Hz 250Hz 300Hz 350Hz 400Hz 450Hz 500Hz
V(1)
0V
0.5V
1.0V
V(2)
0V
400mV
800mV
SEL>>
Frequency
V(1)
0V
0.5V
1.0V
V(2)
0V
400mV
800mV
SEL>>
Frequency
V(2)
0V
0.5V
1.0V
SEL>>

v
1
=120sinet v
2

i
3

+ i
1
+ i
2

P4.14, Find
1
I
2
I
3
I
2
V
in the circuit of the following fig.

Complex Numbers Analysis
P4.15, Let . Use Thevenins theorem to find
CD
I
v v
Complex Numbers Analysis
V V
o
0 100Z =

Ch4 Sinusoidal Circuit Analysis

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Ch4 Sinusoidal Circuit Analysis

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Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis

4.1 Characteristics of Sinusoidal

30 314 sin 2 220

120 314 sin 2 220 + = t

30 314 cos 2 220

30 314 cos 2 220

60 314 sin 2 220 = t

30 314 cos 2 220

Ch4 Sinusoidal Steady State Analysis

4.3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C

4.3 Phasor Relationships for R, L and C

Complex impedance describes the relationship between the

4.5 Parallel and Series Resonance

in the circuit of the following fig.

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