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The Relation between Maxwell’s Equation and Amperes Circuital Law

The net current (Conduction and Displacement )


passing through the area enclosed by the loop
 D 
I S 
Ñ  J 
t 
gda

dl

H  H gdl
Ñ
C

Total magneto motive force along a closed


path around a total current density

 D 
C H gdl  Ñ
Ñ S  J  t  gda Integral form

Differential form
Applying Stoke’s Theorem

D 
 D
S (  H )gda  Ñ
Ñ S  J  t  gda  H  J 
t
The Relation between Maxwell’s Equation and Faraday's Law
Negative rate of change of magnetic flux Φ
enclosed by the loop
d 
t S
   Ñ Bgda
dt
dl

E  E gdl
Ñ
C
Total electro motive force along a closed
path around a total current density


C E gdl   t Ñ
Ñ S Bgda Integral form

differential form
Applying Stoke’s Theorem


S (  E )gda   t Ñ
Ñ S Bgda  E  
B
t
The Relation between Maxwell’s Equation and Gauss Law of Electrostatics
Total charge in side a volume
D enclosed by the closed surface
da nˆ

  dV  Ñ
 Dgda
n̂ V S

da
q
Total outward electric
displacement through
the closed surface

 Dgda    dV
Ñ
S V
Integral form

differential form
Divergence Theorem

 (gD)dV    dV


V V
gD  
The Relation between Maxwell’s Equation and Gauss Law of Magnetostatics
Total magnetic dipole charge in
B
D side a volume enclosed by the
da nˆ closed surface

 (dp)dV Ñ
 Bgda
n̂ V S

da
d
p Total magnetic flux
through the closed
surface

 Bgda   (dp)dV


Ñ
S V
Integral form

differential form
Divergence Theorem

 (gB)dV   (dp)dV


V V
gB  0
SUMMARY OF MAXWELL’S EQUATION IN DIFFERENTIAL FORM

B
 E  
t
EMF induced in a closed Time rate of change of the magnetic
loop flux
D
 H  J 
t
Closed path in the magnetic
Conduction current + displacement
field around the charge
current
movement
gD   gB  0
Div of Electric Stored charge Div of Magnetic flux
displacement density density

Involves space derivatives – useful only for a continuous media


SUMMARY OF MAXWELL’S EQUATION IN INTEGRAL FORM

 Negative rate of change of

C E gdl   t Ñ
Ñ S Bgda magnetic flux Φ enclosed by the
loop
d
 
dt
Total electro motive force
induced in a closed loop   Bgda
Ñ
S
 B 
C H gdl  Ñ
Ñ S  J  t  gda The net current , which is the
combination of conduction and
displacement current

Total magneto motive force along a closed


loop Total Stored charge

 Bgda  0
Ñ
S
 Dgda    dV
Ñ
S V
Non existence of Monopole Total outward electric displacement through
the closed surface
SPACE AND TIME VARIATION FORMS FOR THE FIELD QUANTITY E, D,B and H

jt
Sinusoidal oscillation in time e
 j z
Propagation in z direction - Sinusoidal oscillation in the z
direction
e
 z
Exponential decay with distance z e
jt  z  j  z
Combining all the three variations X  X 0e
Combining the two space forms into a general
propagation constant
    j
jt  z
Field variables will take the form X  X 0e
    j Is the general propagation constant

For the propagation without attenuation α =0

  j   
2 2
  2   2 

   
2 2
   
Thus if γ is imaginary the electromagnetic eave is traveling
without any change in the amplitude at the constant phase
velocity
 1
V 
 

If γ is real then the field suffers on exponential decay with


distance
H
B   E  
 E   t
E
t  H   E 
D D E t
 H  J  B  H

t gE 
gD   J E 
gH  0
gB  0

H   E   j H
  E  
t E  E0 e jt
E   H   E  j E
 H   E  
t  j 
 t gE 
gE  
  gH  0
gH  0
H
  E  
t
E
 H   E 
t

gE 

gH  0     E  (.E )   2 E
    H  (.H )   2 H

E  2
E
 E  
2
  2
t t
H  2
H
 H  
2
  2
t t
E  2
E
 E  
2
  2
t t
H  2
H
 H  
2
  2
t t
For free space  E 2

 0  E   2
2

t
 H 2
 H   2
2

t
For TE mode For TM mode

 E0
2
2 H  0
 H 2
 E 2
 H   2
2
 E   2
2
t t
 2
E
 E   2
2

t
 2
H
 H   2
2

t
E  E0 e jt

  2
 j   2
t t 2

 2 E   2  E
 H    H
2 2

 2   2 
2 H   2 H
2 E   2 E
Conditions at the boundary surface
 Maxwell's equations in the differential form express the relationship
that must exits between the four field vectors E, D, H, B at any point in
the continuous medium
 In this form because they involve space derivatives , they cannot be
expected to yield information at points of discontinuity in the medium

 However, the integral forms can always be used to determine what


happens at the boundary surface between different media

 The following statements regarding electric and magnetic field are valid
at any surface of discontinuity
 The following statements regarding electric and magnetic field are valid
at any surface of discontinuity (boundary surface (BS))

1.) ET and Bn are always continuous at the boundary surface


2.) HT is discontinuous by JS per unit width at the perfectly conducting
boundary surface. If the surface is a nonconductor, then HT is
continuous at the boundary surface
3.) Dn is always discontinuous by ρS at the boundary surface
WAVE GUIDE AND ITS PROPERTIES
 At frequencies higher than 3 GHz ,transmission of electromagnetic
waves through two line transmission line and cable become difficult.
 This is mainly due to the losses that occur both in the solid dielectric
needed to support the conductor and in the conductor themselves
 A metallic tube can be used to transmit electromagnetic wave at these
frequencies
 A hallow metallic tube of uniform cross section for transmitting
electromagnetic wave by successive reflections from the inner walls of
the tube is called wave guide
Properties of wave guide
 Wave traveling in a wave guide has a phase velocity and attenuation
 When the wave reaches the end of the wave guide it is reflected unless
the load impedance is adjusted to absorb the wave

 Any irregularity in a wave guide produce reflection . The reflected wave


can be eliminated by proper impedance matching
 When both incident and reflected waves are present in a wave guide , a
standing wave pattern results as in a transmission.
 There is a cut-off value for the frequency of transmission (f) depending
upon the dimensions and shape of the wave guide.

 Only waves having frequencies greater than cut-off frequency fc will be


propagated.
 Hence wave guide act as a high pass filter with fc as the cut off
frequency
 Entire body of the wave guide will act as ground and the wave
propagate through multiple reflections from the walls of the wave guide

 In wave guide we define a quantity called wave impedance (a function


of frequency)
 Wave propagation inside the cavity is in accordance with Field theory

 If one end of the wave guide is closed using a shorting plate , there will
be reflections and hence standing wave will be formed.

 If other end is also closed , then the hallow box so formed can support
a signal which can bounce back and fourth between the two shorting
plated resulting in resonance. This is the principle of cavity resonator.
 This is the principle of cavity resonator.
General guidelines for solving wave guide problem
 Since the various components of the electric and magnetic fields are
related through the Maxwell’s equations, all the field components are
not independent (coupled to each other by Maxwell’s Equation)
 We can select some field components as an independent components
and express the remaining field components as a function of the
chosen independent components
 If we assume that the wave is moving in z-direction , the field
components which are along the z-direction (Hz and Ez) have special
significance as they represent longitudinal field components
 The other four field components (Ex, Ey, Hx and Hy), are in a plane
transverse to the direction of the wave propagation and hence can be
called as transverse components
 First step In solving wave guide problems is , Assume Ez and Hz as an
independent variables and express the transverse components (Ex, Ey, Hx
and Hy) in terms of Ez and Hz components using Maxwell's curl
equations
  E   j H and   H  j E
 In the first step you will end up with the following general equations
for the transverse components
In rectangular coordinate In cylindrical coordinate
j H z  Ez j 1 H z  Ez
Ex   2  2 E   2  2
h y h x h   h 
j H z  Ez j H z  1 Ez
Ey  2  2 E  2  2
h x h y h  h  
j Ez  H z j 1 Ez  H z
H x  2  2 H  2  2
h y h x h   h 
j Ez  H z j Ez  1 H z
Hy   2  2 H   2  2
h x h y h  h  
Note: you can get the expressions for cylindrical coordinate from the
expressions for rectangular coordinate using the following
substitutions
   1 
x   , y  ,  and 
x  y  
 Also this general equations for the transverse components will take the
following reduction depending on TE or TM modes

TE waves – Transverse electric TM waves – Transverse magnetic

Ez  0 and H z  0 H z  0 and Ez  0
Rectangular Cylindrical Rectangular Cylindrical
j H z j 1 H z  Ez E  
 Ez
Ex   2 E   2
h  
Ex   2 h 2 
h y h x
 Ez  1 Ez
j H z j H z Ey   E   2
Ey  2 E  2 h  
h x h  h 2 y
 H z j Ez j 1 Ez
Hx   2  H z H x  2 H 
H   2 h 2  
h x h  h y
 H z  1 H z j Ez H  
j Ez
Hy   2 H   2 Hy  2
h y h   h x h 2 
 Ez and Hz satisfy the wave equation for source free homogeneous
medium

 2 Ez   2  Ez  0  2 H z   2  H z  0
 In the second step, Solve the wave equations to obtain the general solution
for Ez and Hz

 The general solutions for wave equation (in case of rectangular


geometry) is

Ez   C1 cos Bx  C2 sin Bx   C3 cos Ay  C4 sin Ay 


H z   C5 cos Bx  C6 sin Bx   C7 cos Ay  C8 sin Ay 

 In the third step, apply appropriate boundary conditions (shown in the


table given bellow) to resolve the unknown constants C1 to C8 in the
general solution and get the Ez and Hz solutions for a particular wave
guide geometry.

 m   n   m   n 
Ez  C sin  x sin   ye jt  z
H z  C  cos  x cos   ye jt  z

 a   b   a   b 
y TE Boundary conditions TM Boundary conditions
z
Ez= 0 for all the four Surface will act as a short
b
boundaries but we have x circuit for E, Ez =0 all along
a x and y components the boundary wall
First boundary Ex  0 at y  0 Ez  0 at y  0
bottom wall or
plane and for every x (0,a) and for every x (0,a)

Second Ex  0 at y  b Ez  0 at x  0
boundary Left
wall or plane and for every x (0,a) and for every y (0,b)

Third boundary E y  0 at x=0 Ez  0 at y=b


Top wall or plane
and for every y (0,b) and for every x (0,a)

Fourth boundary E y  0 at x  a Ez  0 at x  a
Right wall or
plane and for every y (0,b) and for every y (0,b)
 m   n  jt  z
Ez  C sin   x sin   ye
 a   b 
 m   n 
H z  C  cos   x cos   ye jt  z

 a   b 
 In the fourth step, substitute this final solution for Ez and Hz in the general
equations to get find all the transverse components Ex, Ey, Hx and Hy in terms
Hz and Ez
TE waves Ez  0 and H z  0 TM waves H z  0 and Ez  0
Rectangular Cylindrical Rectangular Cylindrical
j H z j 1 H z  Ez E  
 Ez
Ex   2 E  
h 2  
Ex   2 h 2 
h y h x
 Ez  1 Ez
j H z j H z Ey   E   2
Ey  2 E  h  
h x h 2  h 2 y
 H z j Ez j 1 Ez
Hx   2  H z H x  2 H 
H   2 h 2  
h x h  h y
 H z  1 H z j Ez j Ez
H   2
Hy   2 H   2 Hy  2
h y h   h x h 
  m   m   n  jt  z
Ex   C  cos
  x sin   ye
h2  a   a   b 
  n   m   n  jt  z
Ey   2 C  sin
   x cos   ye Transverse components Ex, Ey,
h  b  a   b 
Hx and Hy in terms Hz and Ez
j  n  m 
  n  jt  z
Hx  2 C  sin
   x cos   ye with TE boundary conditions
h  b   a   b 
j  m   m   n  jt  z
Hy  C  cos
   x sin   ye
h2  a   a   b 

j  n   m   n  jt   z
E  C  cos
   x sin   ye
x 2  b   a   b 
h
Transverse components Ex, Ey, j  m   m   n 
Ey   C   sin   x cos   ye jt  z

Hx and Hy in terms Hz and Ez h2  a   a   b 


with TM boundary conditions   m   m   n 
H x  2 C   sin
   x cos   ye j t  z

h  a   a   b 
  n   m   n 
H y   2 C  cos
   x sin   ye jt  z

h  b   a   b 
Finding the expressions for Hz and Ez inside a rectangular cavity

For a wave propagating along the positive z axis inside the cavity we can
write
  m
   n  jt  z
H  C cos 
z x cos   ye
 a   b 
For a wave propagating along the negative z axis inside the cavity we can
write
  m   n  jt  z
H  C cos 
z x cos   ye
 a   b 
Adding the above two traveling H z  H z  H z
wave
 m   n 
Hz   C e
  z
C e   z
 cos  a x cos   ye jt

  b 
To make Ey vanish at Z=0 and z=d the constants C+ and C- must satisfy
the following condition
C   C  or C   C 
j H z
For TE wave , Ez=0 therefore Ey  2
h x
j    m   n  
Ey  2
h x    C e  C e  cos 
  z   z

 a 
x cos 
 b
 ye

jt


j     z  m   m   n  jt 
  C e  
  z
Ey  2
C e sin  x cos   ye 
h  a   a   b  
j     z  m   m   n  jt 
0  2   C e  C e  
  z
sin  x cos   ye 
h   a   a   b  

 C   z
e  C   z
e   C 
 e  z
 e  z
 0
2 jC  sin  z  0  sin  z  0 for z=d
 p 
 = 
 d 
 m   n  jt
H z  2 jC sin  z cos 

 x cos   ye
 a   b 
 m   n  jt
H z  C sin  z cos   x cos   ye
 a   b 
 m   n  jt
H z  C cos   x cos   y sin  ze
 a   b 
Thus for rectangular cavity resonator field equation is given by for TEmnp
 m   n   p  jt
H z  C cos   x cos   y sin   ze
 a   b   b 
Ina similar way the equation for TM mnp
 m   n   p  jt
Ez  C sin  x sin   y cos   ze
 a   b   b 
EXPANSION OF  AND  2 IN DIFFERENT COORDINATE

  
 xˆ  yˆ  zˆ Rectangular coordinate
x y z
 1  ˆ 
 ˆ    ẑ Cylindrical coordinate
   z
 1  ˆ 1  ˆ
  rˆ    Spherical coordinate
r r  r sin  
 2
 2
 2

Rectangular coordinate 2  2  2  2
x y z
 2
1  2
 2
Cylindrical coordinate   2 2 2 2
2

   z
1     1   2 2
     2 2  2
2
Spherical coordinate
       z

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