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dl
H H gdl
Ñ
C
D
C H gdl Ñ
Ñ S J t gda Integral form
Differential form
Applying Stoke’s Theorem
D
D
S ( H )gda Ñ
Ñ S J t gda H J
t
The Relation between Maxwell’s Equation and Faraday's Law
Negative rate of change of magnetic flux Φ
enclosed by the loop
d
t S
Ñ Bgda
dt
dl
E E gdl
Ñ
C
Total electro motive force along a closed
path around a total current density
C E gdl t Ñ
Ñ S Bgda Integral form
differential form
Applying Stoke’s Theorem
S ( E )gda t Ñ
Ñ S Bgda E
B
t
The Relation between Maxwell’s Equation and Gauss Law of Electrostatics
Total charge in side a volume
D enclosed by the closed surface
da nˆ
dV Ñ
Dgda
n̂ V S
da
q
Total outward electric
displacement through
the closed surface
Dgda dV
Ñ
S V
Integral form
differential form
Divergence Theorem
(dp)dV Ñ
Bgda
n̂ V S
da
d
p Total magnetic flux
through the closed
surface
differential form
Divergence Theorem
B
E
t
EMF induced in a closed Time rate of change of the magnetic
loop flux
D
H J
t
Closed path in the magnetic
Conduction current + displacement
field around the charge
current
movement
gD gB 0
Div of Electric Stored charge Div of Magnetic flux
displacement density density
C E gdl t Ñ
Ñ S Bgda magnetic flux Φ enclosed by the
loop
d
dt
Total electro motive force
induced in a closed loop Bgda
Ñ
S
B
C H gdl Ñ
Ñ S J t gda The net current , which is the
combination of conduction and
displacement current
Bgda 0
Ñ
S
Dgda dV
Ñ
S V
Non existence of Monopole Total outward electric displacement through
the closed surface
SPACE AND TIME VARIATION FORMS FOR THE FIELD QUANTITY E, D,B and H
jt
Sinusoidal oscillation in time e
j z
Propagation in z direction - Sinusoidal oscillation in the z
direction
e
z
Exponential decay with distance z e
jt z j z
Combining all the three variations X X 0e
Combining the two space forms into a general
propagation constant
j
jt z
Field variables will take the form X X 0e
j Is the general propagation constant
j
2 2
2 2
2 2
Thus if γ is imaginary the electromagnetic eave is traveling
without any change in the amplitude at the constant phase
velocity
1
V
H E j H
E
t E E0 e jt
E H E j E
H E
t j
t gE
gE
gH 0
gH 0
H
E
t
E
H E
t
gE
gH 0 E (.E ) 2 E
H (.H ) 2 H
E 2
E
E
2
2
t t
H 2
H
H
2
2
t t
E 2
E
E
2
2
t t
H 2
H
H
2
2
t t
For free space E 2
0 E 2
2
t
H 2
H 2
2
t
For TE mode For TM mode
E0
2
2 H 0
H 2
E 2
H 2
2
E 2
2
t t
2
E
E 2
2
t
2
H
H 2
2
t
E E0 e jt
2
j 2
t t 2
2 E 2 E
H H
2 2
2 2
2 H 2 H
2 E 2 E
Conditions at the boundary surface
Maxwell's equations in the differential form express the relationship
that must exits between the four field vectors E, D, H, B at any point in
the continuous medium
In this form because they involve space derivatives , they cannot be
expected to yield information at points of discontinuity in the medium
The following statements regarding electric and magnetic field are valid
at any surface of discontinuity
The following statements regarding electric and magnetic field are valid
at any surface of discontinuity (boundary surface (BS))
If one end of the wave guide is closed using a shorting plate , there will
be reflections and hence standing wave will be formed.
If other end is also closed , then the hallow box so formed can support
a signal which can bounce back and fourth between the two shorting
plated resulting in resonance. This is the principle of cavity resonator.
This is the principle of cavity resonator.
General guidelines for solving wave guide problem
Since the various components of the electric and magnetic fields are
related through the Maxwell’s equations, all the field components are
not independent (coupled to each other by Maxwell’s Equation)
We can select some field components as an independent components
and express the remaining field components as a function of the
chosen independent components
If we assume that the wave is moving in z-direction , the field
components which are along the z-direction (Hz and Ez) have special
significance as they represent longitudinal field components
The other four field components (Ex, Ey, Hx and Hy), are in a plane
transverse to the direction of the wave propagation and hence can be
called as transverse components
First step In solving wave guide problems is , Assume Ez and Hz as an
independent variables and express the transverse components (Ex, Ey, Hx
and Hy) in terms of Ez and Hz components using Maxwell's curl
equations
E j H and H j E
In the first step you will end up with the following general equations
for the transverse components
In rectangular coordinate In cylindrical coordinate
j H z Ez j 1 H z Ez
Ex 2 2 E 2 2
h y h x h h
j H z Ez j H z 1 Ez
Ey 2 2 E 2 2
h x h y h h
j Ez H z j 1 Ez H z
H x 2 2 H 2 2
h y h x h h
j Ez H z j Ez 1 H z
Hy 2 2 H 2 2
h x h y h h
Note: you can get the expressions for cylindrical coordinate from the
expressions for rectangular coordinate using the following
substitutions
1
x , y , and
x y
Also this general equations for the transverse components will take the
following reduction depending on TE or TM modes
Ez 0 and H z 0 H z 0 and Ez 0
Rectangular Cylindrical Rectangular Cylindrical
j H z j 1 H z Ez E
Ez
Ex 2 E 2
h
Ex 2 h 2
h y h x
Ez 1 Ez
j H z j H z Ey E 2
Ey 2 E 2 h
h x h h 2 y
H z j Ez j 1 Ez
Hx 2 H z H x 2 H
H 2 h 2
h x h h y
H z 1 H z j Ez H
j Ez
Hy 2 H 2 Hy 2
h y h h x h 2
Ez and Hz satisfy the wave equation for source free homogeneous
medium
2 Ez 2 Ez 0 2 H z 2 H z 0
In the second step, Solve the wave equations to obtain the general solution
for Ez and Hz
m n m n
Ez C sin x sin ye jt z
H z C cos x cos ye jt z
a b a b
y TE Boundary conditions TM Boundary conditions
z
Ez= 0 for all the four Surface will act as a short
b
boundaries but we have x circuit for E, Ez =0 all along
a x and y components the boundary wall
First boundary Ex 0 at y 0 Ez 0 at y 0
bottom wall or
plane and for every x (0,a) and for every x (0,a)
Second Ex 0 at y b Ez 0 at x 0
boundary Left
wall or plane and for every x (0,a) and for every y (0,b)
Fourth boundary E y 0 at x a Ez 0 at x a
Right wall or
plane and for every y (0,b) and for every y (0,b)
m n jt z
Ez C sin x sin ye
a b
m n
H z C cos x cos ye jt z
a b
In the fourth step, substitute this final solution for Ez and Hz in the general
equations to get find all the transverse components Ex, Ey, Hx and Hy in terms
Hz and Ez
TE waves Ez 0 and H z 0 TM waves H z 0 and Ez 0
Rectangular Cylindrical Rectangular Cylindrical
j H z j 1 H z Ez E
Ez
Ex 2 E
h 2
Ex 2 h 2
h y h x
Ez 1 Ez
j H z j H z Ey E 2
Ey 2 E h
h x h 2 h 2 y
H z j Ez j 1 Ez
Hx 2 H z H x 2 H
H 2 h 2
h x h h y
H z 1 H z j Ez j Ez
H 2
Hy 2 H 2 Hy 2
h y h h x h
m m n jt z
Ex C cos
x sin ye
h2 a a b
n m n jt z
Ey 2 C sin
x cos ye Transverse components Ex, Ey,
h b a b
Hx and Hy in terms Hz and Ez
j n m
n jt z
Hx 2 C sin
x cos ye with TE boundary conditions
h b a b
j m m n jt z
Hy C cos
x sin ye
h2 a a b
j n m n jt z
E C cos
x sin ye
x 2 b a b
h
Transverse components Ex, Ey, j m m n
Ey C sin x cos ye jt z
h a a b
n m n
H y 2 C cos
x sin ye jt z
h b a b
Finding the expressions for Hz and Ez inside a rectangular cavity
For a wave propagating along the positive z axis inside the cavity we can
write
m
n jt z
H C cos
z x cos ye
a b
For a wave propagating along the negative z axis inside the cavity we can
write
m n jt z
H C cos
z x cos ye
a b
Adding the above two traveling H z H z H z
wave
m n
Hz C e
z
C e z
cos a x cos ye jt
b
To make Ey vanish at Z=0 and z=d the constants C+ and C- must satisfy
the following condition
C C or C C
j H z
For TE wave , Ez=0 therefore Ey 2
h x
j m n
Ey 2
h x C e C e cos
z z
a
x cos
b
ye
jt
j z m m n jt
C e
z
Ey 2
C e sin x cos ye
h a a b
j z m m n jt
0 2 C e C e
z
sin x cos ye
h a a b
C z
e C z
e C
e z
e z
0
2 jC sin z 0 sin z 0 for z=d
p
=
d
m n jt
H z 2 jC sin z cos
x cos ye
a b
m n jt
H z C sin z cos x cos ye
a b
m n jt
H z C cos x cos y sin ze
a b
Thus for rectangular cavity resonator field equation is given by for TEmnp
m n p jt
H z C cos x cos y sin ze
a b b
Ina similar way the equation for TM mnp
m n p jt
Ez C sin x sin y cos ze
a b b
EXPANSION OF AND 2 IN DIFFERENT COORDINATE
xˆ yˆ zˆ Rectangular coordinate
x y z
1 ˆ
ˆ ẑ Cylindrical coordinate
z
1 ˆ 1 ˆ
rˆ Spherical coordinate
r r r sin
2
2
2
Rectangular coordinate 2 2 2 2
x y z
2
1 2
2
Cylindrical coordinate 2 2 2 2
2
z
1 1 2 2
2 2 2
2
Spherical coordinate
z