Cultural Economy

Nada vob-oki Institute for International Relations Zagreb

Sources

International Flows of Selected Cultural Goods and Services, 1994-2003. Defining and capturing the flows of global cultural trade, UNESCO Institute for Statistics, Montreal, 2005

KEA, The Study on the Economy of Culture in Europe, Brussels, The European Commission, Directorate General for Education and Culture, 2006 UNCTAD XI, Creative Industries and Development, Geneva, 2004

Data on values and trade

UNCTAD: overall market value of cultural and creative industries: about 1,3 trillions of US dollars annually 4% of the world GDP in 2004 UNESCO: 7% of the world GDP From 1994 to 2002 the trade in cultural goods doubled

Data on values and trade

Restricted to a limited number of countries where high income economies are the largest producers and consumers of cultural goods. Systemic framework: globalism, neo-liberalism 2002: the largest exporter was Europe / the EU (United Kingdom is the leader)- 51,8% share, Asia (China)- 20,6%, North America (United States of America)- 16,9% share 2002: the largest importers: USA, UK, Germany

Data on values and trade

Most traded cultural goods: recorded media, printed media, visual arts Cultural goods: consumer goods which convey ideas, symbols and ways of life. Core (contents) and related (material) cultural goods Cultural services: facilitate production and distribution of cultural goods

Markets

Strategic significance of cultural goods and services today North America: largest market (43,5 % share); EMEA (Canada, Europe, Middle East, Africa); Asia; Latin America Countries in transition: about 1% of world cultural trade. This percentage has remained the same during the last ten years Correlation between Gross National Income (GNI) per capita and exports (cultural industries in rich countries grow faster and exports are bigger)

Balances

USA net importer of cultural goods (2003) Main destination of USA cultural exports: Canada, Mexico, Japan, Germany and UK China: net exporter of cultural goods Transitional countries: growing importers of cultural goods During 1990ties the data suggest a 10% growth in the worlds average demand for domestic repertoires

Legal issues

Authors rights (i.e. individual authors rights), copyrights (rights referring to cultural product and creative work) and piracy (neglect of any rights) Intellectual property rights (authors rights, patents, trademark, industrial design, etc.) World Intellectual Property Organization WIPO Creative commons (Richard Stallman, Lawrence Lessig): copyleft, General Public License GLP, Open-source software OSS iCommons : a movement for free culture (IPR, digitalization, free software, etc.)