INTRODUCTION TO NAVIGATION PROCESSES

Navigation is comprised of a number of different processes. Some are done in a set order, some randomly, some almost constantly, others only infrequently. It is in choosing using these processes that an individual navigators experience and judgment are most crucial. Compounding this subjects difficulty is the fact that there are no set rules regarding the optimum employment of navigational systems and techniques. Optimum use of navigational systems varies as a function of the type of vessel, the quality of the navigational equipment on board, and the experience and skill of the navigator and all the members of his team. Any single navigational system constitutes a single point of failure, which must be backed up with another source to ensure the safety of the vessel

INTRODUCTION TO NAVIGATION PROCESSES

Navigating a vessel is a dynamic process. Schedules, and weather often change. Planning a voyage is a process that begins well before the ship gets underway. Executing that plan does not end until the ship mooring lines is fasten up at the pier at its final destination. While it is possible to over plan a voyage, it is a serious mistake to under plan it.

Carefully planning a path, preparing required charts and publications, and using various techniques to monitor the ships location as the voyage continues are essential to safe navigation and are the marks of a proficient navigator. This lesson will examine navigational processes, the means by which a navigator manages all of the resources at his command to ensure a safe and efficient voyage.

THE OVERVIEW The Bridge Organization

An efficient bridge organization will include procedures that: 1. Eliminate the risk that an error on the part of one person may result in a disastrous situation; 2. Emphasized the necessity to maintain a good visual lookout and to carry out collision avoidance routines; 3. Encourage the use of all means of establishing the ship's position so that in the case of one method becoming unreliable others are immediately available. 4. Encourage the use of all means of establishing the ship's position so that in the case of one method becoming unreliable others are immediately available. 5. Make use of passage planning and navigational systems which a now continuous monitoring and detection of deviation from track when in coastal waters. 6. Ensure that all instrument errors are known and correctly applied 7. Accept a pilot as a valuable addition to a bridge team.

INDIVIDUAL ROLE
These procedures can only be achieved by each member of the bridge team appreciating that he has a vital part to play in the safe navigation of the ship. Each member will also realize that safety depends upon all personnel playing their part to the utmost of their ability. Each team member must appreciate that the safety of the ship should never depend upon the decision of one person only. All decisions and orders must be carefully checked and their execution monitored. Junior team members and watchstanders must never hesitate to question a decision if they consider that such decision is not in the best interests of the ship. Careful briefing and explanation of the responsibilities required of each member will help to accomplish this.

REVIEW ON THE NAVIGATIONAL PUBLICATION

Before we proceed to main topic lets have a review on your knowledge and understanding on Navigational Publications or in Passage Appraisal stage The Source of Information. The overall conduct of the passage will be based upon information's taken from the following navigational publication. So it is ended very prudent that you will familiar with the basic contents of this navigational publications.
Chart Catalogue Nautical Chart Ship's Routing Load Line Chart Routing Charts And Pilot Charts Sailing Directions or Pilot Book List of Lights and Fog Signals Tide Tables Tidal Stream Atlases Distance Tables
IALA Buoyage System

Guide to Port Entry Nautical Almanac Notices to Mariners Cumulative List of Admiralty Notices to Mariners

Climatic Information Personal Experience Radio Signal Information Ocean Passages of the World Electronic Navigation Systems Handbooks

Navigational Terms Radio and Local Warnings The Mariners Handbook Owner's and other sources

CHART CATALOGUE
Published annually by the Hydrographer of the Navy (British) as NP 131 and by the Defense Mapping Agency (U.S.) CATP'2VOIU Catalogue of Admiralty Charts and Publications (NP131)
A comprehensive reference in graphical and textual form of all Admiralty charts and publications worldwide, listed by region. The catalogue gives full details for each chart and publication, including details of all digital products and Admiralty distributors worldwide. Updated and published annually.
Some of the important are listed Detailed contentcontents of NP 131 below:

Published by the hydrographer of the General navy everyinformation. year

List of admiralty charts and agents.

It consists of 37 sections, which Numerical list of and publications. gives the date ofcharts publication, date of current coverage area of a Limits of edition, chart index. publication, diagrammatic Limits of small scale charts. index of coverage and titles of various charts List of chain details of decca - loran and publications. charts. Wall It also gives the charts. details of the agent and outline
Routeing charts. Fisheries charts.

from whom to procure them with the price of each item.

List of admiralty sailing directions.

ADMIRALITY LIST OF NOTICES TO MARINERS

Admiralty NMs contain all the corrections, alterations and amendments for the UKHO's worldwide series of Admiralty Charts and Publications. They are published weekly in several formats but best known as the weekly booklets, which are despatched directly from the UKHO. Admiralty Charts and Publications should be maintained so that they are fully up-to-date for the latest safety-critical navigational information. The Admiralty Notices to Mariners service provides all of the data you need to maintain our products.17 The Admiralty Notices to Mariners weekly bulletin is published by the UKHO. The UK Maritime & Coastguard Agency (MCA) accepts that both the paper and digital forms of the NM weekly comply with carriage requirement for Notices to Mariners within Regulation 19.2.1.4 of the revised Chapter V of the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) Convention, and the Merchant Shipping (Safety of Navigation) Regulations, both of which came into force 01 July 2002.

GUIDE TO PORT ENTRY

The contents can be classified as follows:
Port limits. Documents. The guide to port entry is published in two volumes covering the ports of the entire world using a variety of information's regarding various aspects of port. The information provided is thoroughly professional and is of great value not only to ship masters but also to charterers, owners and to various parties connected shipping.
Each volume is further divided into two parts: Description of the port is given in a very systematic way. Yellow pages giving plans and mooring diagrams of various ports which may be useful to the ships officers.

Pilotage.
Health. Police and ambulance. Services.

Emergency.
Banks. Currency. Seaman's clubs.

Developments.
Ships masters reports. Authority and Quarantine agents.

Admiralty Cumulative List of Admiralty Notices to Mariners

The This It is Notices hoped publication that to Mariners list records will be quoted the useful date for to ofeach chart issue chart of the current users. are which Users edition have are of been reminded, each issued navigational however, over thechart past that 2 the and of subsequent authoritative years. Figures listings in relevant boldof indicate Notices Admiralty the to Mariners Notices weekly the to issued was Mariners notice since are issued. Weekly those given Edition in the 1 of Weekly 2003 dated 2 January 2003. Editions.
As mariners are refer unlikely to have easy access to Chart numbers to navigational charts in the This list reflects promulgated information up copies of earlier notices, a chart which have New Admiralty series, including adopted Austrian, to Notices to Mariners Weekly Edition 26 of become out of date over a longer period should Zealand and 28 Japanese charts (indicated by the be 2012 dated June 2012 (last notice number replaced or be updated an Admiralty Chart prefixes AUS, NZ and JPby respectively). 2846/12). Agent.

A list of current Newly published New Hydrographic charts and New Editions Publication is contained are not Publication. included in this in this list until publication is Details are also announced in the in published quarterly Weekly Editions of of the Weekly Editions Admiralty Admiralty Notices Notices to to Mariners. Mariners.

The dated quoted indicates the month Users should keep itissued updated from the If noedition notice has been during the past 2 and year of publication of the current edition; years, the most recent notices affecting the chart information given in Sections I and II of the that publication may Editions have been in the form of a concerned is Weekly quoted. Those charts which are not subsequent unless NP133a is new chart or a new edition (the relevant date is normally updated by Admiralty notices to in use. The next list will be published in 6 given in the bottom outside margin of the chart). Marinerstime. have been omitted from this publication. months

A chart carrying an earlier edition date This publication also includes details ofthan Temporary and Preliminary Notices are not that quoted in this listPublications is no longer correct valid and current Hydrographic to included. should be replaced, 23 June 2012. Pub_Menu

OCEAN NP136 PASSAGES detailed FOR contents THE WORLD

For the mariner planning annavy ocean passage, it. It is divided into 4 parts: The hydrographer of the publishes Ocean Passages for the World (NP136) provides 1: power driven vessels, chapter 1 to 8. a selection of commonly used routes with their It is Part used in planning deep sea voyages. distances between principal ports and Part 2: sailing vessels, chapter 9 to 11. Contains notes on meteorological factors important positions affecting the passage.
Part 3: a comprehensive general index.

The book is updated by Section IV of Admiralty Notices to Mariners, Weekly Editions, and periodically by supplements.

Parta 4: charts and diagrams. Guides mariner to follow the best passage It contains details of weather, currents and in a particular month a particular ice hazards appropriate tothrough the routes, and so stretch. The book gives a number illustrative charts links the volumes of Sailing of Directions. It also showing principal routes between and It other is diagrams a unique admiralty publication, in which gives useful information on Load Line key places to Routeing, guide mariner in general. sailing vessels are a dealt with separately. Rules, Weather and the shortest routes betweenplanning ports and important positions. Additionally In passage both the SAILING following charts are found. DIRECTION and OCEAN PASSAAGES OF WRLD, valuable publications to TheTHE volume isclimatic inare two parts: Part I gives routes World charts. (Jan. - July.) refer to. vessels; Part II gives routes used for powered Tracks followed by sailing and auxiliary in the past by sailing ships,Is edited fromrequired While Sailing direction. generally powered vessels. former editions to bring names up-to-date, for navigation the Ocean Passages of coastal World ocean currents. andthe with certain notes added. World, is required for ocean navigation.
Loadline rules, zones, areas and seasonal periods.
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NAUTICAL CHART
Admiralty standard nautical charts comply with Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) regulations and are ideal for professional, commercial and recreational use. Charts within the series consist of a range of scales, useful for passage planning, ocean crossings, coastal navigation and entering ports. Mariners should always use the largest scale nautical chart appropriate to their needs.

In particularly busy seaways such as the English Channel, Gulf of Suez and the Malacca and Singapore Straits, the standard nautical charts are supplemented by mariners routeing guides which provide advise on route planning in these complex areas.

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SAILING DIRECTIONS
Often referred to as Pilots, Sailing Directions are designed for use by the merchant mariner on all classes of ocean-going vessels with essential information on all aspects of navigation. Sailing Directions are complementary to Admiralty Standard Nautical Charts and provide worldwide coverage in 74 volumes. Each publication contains quality New General information about any Sailing area of and Editions of the Admiralty There are 74 volumes supplements color photography and views, as knowledge of local regulations, climatic Directions are published a whose, are published every 18 to on 24 months. well as information on navigational conditions, anchorages, port facilities, regular basis. Navigationally hazards, buoyage, meteorological harbour approaches etc. may be easily Popularly known as pilots. significant information for these data, details of pilotage, acquired by reading the appropriate Provide valuable information that may be publications is issued via the volume. regulations, port facilities and needed by a mariner regarding any area. Admiralty Notices to Mariners guides to major port entry. Corrections to ASD. Are found in section 4 Various navigable areas all over the world weekly bulletin (Section IV). of weekly notices to mariners.
are covered by different ASD. Volumes. Those in force at the end of the year are A diagrammatic showing boundaries of reprinted in thekey annual notices to geographical mariners. areas covered by different volumes may be found in admiralty chart catalogue. Each successive publication supersedes the previous one

ASD Detailed content

ADMIRALTY LIST OF LIGHTS & FOG SIGNALS

This series of books provides extensive information on all lighthouses, lightships, lit floating marks (over 8m in height), fog signals and other lights of navigational significance. Each . Each publication also gives the characteristics of lights and fog signals, together with the equivalent foreign language light descriptions.
Tables can be used to calculate the geographical and luminous ranges of lights. Details for all lights listed include the international number, location and/or name, geographical co-ordinates, characteristics and intensity, elevation in meters, range in sea miles and description of structure. New editions of the Admiralty List of Lights and Fog Signals are published on a rolling cycle of revision. Also a list of important changes are published Publication Volume Coverage by letter weekly in the weekly Admiralty Notices to Mariners.

ADMIRALTY LIST OF RADIO SIGNALS

The Admiralty List of Radio Signals series provides comprehensive information on all aspects of Maritime Radio Communications. The contents range from a complete listing of stations handling Maritime Public Correspondence to a full range of products and services essential for compliance with the GMDSS (Global Maritime Distress and Safety System).
The data is organized into six volumes, some divided into several parts for ease of handling. Each of the six volumes is presented in a user-friendly format with full color photographs and diagrams..

NP NP281 283 (Parts (Parts 1 1& & 2) 2) --Maritime Maritime Radio Safety The volumes also feature stations ALRS are updated through Section VI of the NP 286 (Parts 1 - 7) - Pilotradio Services, Vessel Information Services Stations broadcasting weather services and to weekly editions of Port Admiralty Notices Traffic Services and Operations forecasts and a Editions detailed explanation of the Mariners. New are published NP282 NP 284- -Radio Meteorological Aids to Navigation, Observation Satellite Stations complexities of Global Satellite Position annually Systems, containing all changes to (DGPS) Navigation Differential GPS NP 285 - Global Maritime Distress and Safety Fixing Systems. information held. Legal Time, Radio Time Signals and System (GMDSS) Electronic Position Fixing Systems

IALA MARITIME BUOYAGE SYSTEM

A description of the combined Cardinal and Lateral Buoyage System, the development and implementation of the system. Definition of the limits of the two regions A & B. Textual and colored diagrammatic explanations of the five types of marks: (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Lateral marks; Cardinal marks,; Isolated danger marks; Safe water marks; Special marks.

New editions of the Admiralty are published weekly in the weekly Admiralty Notices to Mariners.

ADMIRALTY TIDE TABLES

Admiralty Tide Tables (NP 201-204) Admiralty Tide Tables detail the times and heights of high and low waters for over 230 standard and 6000 secondary ports in the UK and Ireland, Europe, the Indian Ocean, South China Sea and Pacific Ocean for each day of the year.
The tables outline methods of prediction, the effect of meteorological conditions on tides and provide additional information on exceptional tidal factors in each area. The tables are available from NP 202 - Europe ; Admiralty Distributors NP 203 - Indian Ocean; worldwide. NP 204 - South China Sea
and Pacific Ocean NP 201 - UK and Ireland;
LIMITS OF THE ATT VOLUMES

ADMIRALTY TIDAL STREAM ATLASES

Admiralty Tidal Stream Atlases display, in diagrammatic form, the major tidal streams for selected waters of north-western Europe, including direction and rate at hourly intervals. Graded arrows illustrate Mean, Neap and Spring tidal rates in tenths of a knot. There is also a diagram to help you calculate the tidal stream rate for a given date.
LIMITS OF THE ATS

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DISTANCE TABLES
Admiralty distance tables (NP350 1-3) A three part series of tables, sub-divided by region, giving the shortest distances between ports. There are supporting diagrams and text as well as link tables for places not in the same or adjacent table. OTHERS DISTANCE TABLES