PRESENTED BY:

=SAYIDAH NAFISAH
=SITI SARAH SAZLIANA
=NOR HASMALINA
=NUR HASNI
=AYUNI AMALINA
 Question…
A group of 5 students of Medical
Institute, University of Malaya are
assigned to teach the matriculation
students about human development.
They were asked to identify and
describe the twin formation during
the fertilization process.
As a very excellent students, how
they prepare their lesson. Suggest
and explain what the students will do
to complete their lesson.
FACT IDEA LEARNING ACTION
ISSUES

2.Giveinformation to •The objective is to inform •Isthe human •Surfing

matriculation student about them about how human develop by the internet.
human development. develop. same way? •Go to the
•Sometimes, multiple •What process library.
pregnancies can occur which cause the
instead the normal multiple
pregnancy. pregnancy?
•There are three types of •What are the
multiple pregnancies. type of multiple
pregnancies?

2.We try to identify the twin •Twin formation divided •What is mean by •Surfing
formation. into monozygotic, dizygotic monozygotic? internet.
and siames. •What is mean by •Go to the
•Monozygotic can be dizygotic? library.
divided into three type of •What is mean by
cell division. siames?
•What the type of
cell division in
monozygotic
twin?
3. We describe the •Each formation •How monozygotic twin •Surfing
twin formation during has their own occur? internet.
fertilization process. process. •How dizygotic twin occur? •Go to the
•How siames twin form? library.

4. We identify the •The characteristics •What is the characteristic •Surfing

characteristic of each of each twin are not of monozygotic twin? internet.
of them. same. •What is the characteristic •Go to the
of dizygotic twin? library.
•What is the characteristic
of siames twin?
•What is different
characteristics between
these three type of twins?
 TWINS….
Twins are two offspring from
the same pregnancy, usually
born in close succesion.
 Type of twins

fraternal@
identical@
non-identical @ Siamese twin
monozygotic
dizygotic
Cause the multiple pregnancy
occur!!!!!!
>>>Multiple pregnancies happen
when one fertilized zygote divided
into two developing embryo.
>>>It also occur when two eggs are
fertilized by two different sperm.
>>>This twins zygote that formed will
develop into different individuals.
 MONOZYGOTIC TWIN
 The monozygotic mean that the type
of twins derived from a single (mono)
egg
(zygote). Monozygotic twins form
when a single fertilized egg splits
into two embryos. Because the twins
share the same DNA set, they tend
to have similar features.
 Identical @ monozygotic
twins….
 Involve only one ovum and one
sperm.
 After fertilization, the embryos will
divide into two part and develops
into two separate individuals.
 Have same chromosome, same
resemblance and same sex.
 Genetically and physically similar.
3 ways how identical twins
can develop???
>>>>Monochorial and mono-amniotic
 Mean that it only have one placenta and
one amniotic sacs.
 Separation take place after amniotic bag
already formed.
>>>>Monochorial( placenta) and bi-
amniotic
 Separation take place little later in the
development but before the blastocyte has
fully defined the role of each type of cell.
 Have only one placenta and two amniotic
sacs
>>>>Bichorial and bi-amniotic
 Have two placenta and two amniotic sacs.
How identical twins can be formed????????

.
 CHARACTERISTICS THE
MONOZYGOTIC TWIN
 The characteristics of monozygotic
twin is the twins are of the same sex
and physically similar because they
both come from one ovum, which,
after fertilization, divides in two and
develops into two separate
individuals.
IDENTICAL TWIN
 DIZYGOTIC TWIN
 The dyzygotic mean that the twins
who have shared a common uterine
environment with its twin but is due
to a different fertilized ovum.
Dizygotic twins are also called
fraternal twins
 Non- identical @ fraternal
@ dizygotic twins
 Two eggs fertilized by two sperm or it
occur when two fertilized eggs are
implanted in the uterine wall at the same
time.
 Have different chromosome, don’t look
alike, can be same or different sex.
 Dizygotic twins may look similar,
particularly given that they are the same
of age.
 Not genetically alike.
 Involve bi-chorial and bi- amniotic cellular
division. It mean that the twin zygote will
have their own placenta ( chorion) and
amniotic sacs.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
DIZYGOTIC TWIN
 Among dizygotic twins, each one has
separate amnion and separate
chorion membranes. Fraternal twins,
who are no more genetically alike
than ordinary siblings, maybe of the
same or different sex and may bear
some similarity of appereance.
Fraternal twins
Fraternal twins
 SIAMESE TWIN

 Births of conjoined twins, whose

skin and internal organs are fused
together
 Siamese twins
 Also known as conjoined twins.
 Formed when identical twins do not
separate completely and still partially
united and the zygote starts to split after
day 13 following fertilization.
 It also due to the incomplete division of one
fertilized ovum.
 The twins may joined at several part of
body.
 May share several organ such as brain,
heart or liver.
 Usually the majority who survive are joined
ventrally.
 Most conjoined twins are now evaluated for
surgery to attempt to separate them into
 CHARACTERISTICS THE
SIAMES TWIN

 The characteristic of the Siamese

twin is births of conjoined twins,
whose skin and internal organs are
fused together.
Siamese twins share heart

                                                                                  
Twin pregnancy types
 Scenario 3: Identical twins Scenario 4: Fraternal twins

Monozygotic twin pregnancy Dyzygotic twin pregnancy

Mono-chorial & mono-amniotic. Bi-chorial and bi-amniotic.
 Comparison between
identical twins with
fraternal twins

>>>fertilization
>>>formation of zygote
>>>genetic constitution
>>>number of placenta
>>>sex
>>>physical characteristics