Modern Radio Planning

CoC Dubai
Modern Radio Planning Principles

K. Dietrich
Siemens AG,
Information and Communication Mobile

Competence Centre Sales
Dietrich, Implem. SFH, FPF_IIR.ppt, slide 1 20-June-00
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Presentation Outline
Introduction
Overview Network Planning Principles

General Principles in Cellular Radio Network Planning Modern Network Planning Principles
Synthesizer Frequency Hopping Hierarchical Cell Structure Network Optimization
Summary
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How to plan for an enhanced usage of your spectrum to achieve more capacity for voice and data in the networks
?
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Objectives of Cellular Radio Planning

Selection of the site locations, sectorisation and antenna configuration Allocation of Frequencies Settings for the radio parameters
Objective
to economically provide a continuous coverage support the required traffic density at the right location fulfil the quality objectives of your subscribers
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Introduction
Current and Future Cellular Radio Developments
Operator Evolution - Different concerns at various phases ... - Coverage - Capacity - Cost - Quality - Environmental
Various phases ...
New Applications
Capacity Coverage
Data: GPRS, EDGE
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Introduction
Development of Radio Planning Principles
Coverage
Coverage & Capacity
Capacity Growth
Quality & Capacity
Coverage Requirements Link Budget Propagation Models Grid Planning Frequency Groups Cell Splitting Interference Matrix
Inhomogeneous Networks Features Microcells, HCS, Dual Band RLC(BFH) RLC (SFH) System supported Optimisation
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Introduction
Radio Planning Principles Objectives: Coverage, Capacity, Quality, Cost Capacity Coverage Planning Capacity Planning Coverage
Sites
Equipment
Cost
Quality
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General Radio Network Planning Principles
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Coverage Planning
Coverage Area
Define Service Area
Tornado
Radio Network Planning Tool
Propagation Model (900 MHz, 1800 MHz)

Mobile Classes
Quality
Quality of Service Coverage Probability (e.g. 90% at cell border) Coverage Classes (e.g. Indoor, incar)
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Coverage Planning
Link Budget
PA output power
downlink
combiner loss Rx Sensitivity BS
cable loss downlink Rx Sensitivity MS
cable loss uplink
antenna diversity gain
uplink
MS Peak Power
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Coverage Planning
Propagation Models
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Coverage Planning
Propagation Models for Microcells
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Capacity Planning
Requirements Traffic
Number of Subscribers Traffic per Subscribers Traffic Distribution Daily Traffic Variations (Busy Hour Traffic)
Daily Traffic Variation
Quality
Grade of Service Blocking (2% Erlang B)
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Capacity Planning
Frequency Planning
Capacity
No. of available Channels to carry the traffic (TCH, PDTCH)
traffic traffic channels transceiver = cell channel transceiver cell
Allocation of Frequencies to the Transceivers Allocation of Frequencies to the Transceivers

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Capacity Planning
Cluster / Frequency reuse
f7 f6 f7 f2 f1 f5 f4 f3 f5 f1
f2 f3 f4 f6 f5 f7 f1 f2
A cluster is a group of cells using the complete available spectrum once.
f6
f7 f6 f5 f1
f2 f3 f4
D D: reuse distance
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Frequency Planning
Frequency groups
Tool supported planning
A1 C1 C3 A1 A3 C2 B3 A3 B1 B2 C1 C3 C2 A2
B3 C1 C3 C2 A3 B1 B3 A2 B1
A1
A3
A2
Fixed reuse scheme to all hopping cells possible reuses: 3/9, 2/6, 1/3 1/1
Tool supported frequency assignment based on interference matrix considering FH gains
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Cell Pattern / Reuse

C3 A3
C1 C2 A1 A2
A3 B1 B3 C1
A2
B2
B1 A1 C1 C3 A1 A3 A2 C3 C2 B3 C1 C2 A3 B1 B2 A3 B1 A2 C3 A1 A2 B3 C1 C2 B3 A3 B1 A2 D1 B1 B3 C1 B2 A3 D3 A1 A2 B3 D2 C3 B1 B2 A2 B3 C1 C2 B1 B2 A3 A1 A2 C3 G3 G2 F1 A2 G1 B2 A1 A3 B3 C1
C3
D1 D3 E2
C2 F3
D2
C2
D1 D2
F3
B1
F2
E3
E1
C1
3 / 9 Cell Patter D = 5,2 R
4 / 12 Cell Patter D=6R

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Capacity per cluster

Spectrum per Cluster
f3 f4 f6 f5
f7
f6
f2
f1
f5
f7 f1
f2
f7
f6 f5
f2 f1
f4
f3
f7 f6 f5 f1
f2 f3 f4
No. of Frequencies
No. of Carriers per Cluster No of Frequencies = No. of Carriers
Capacity per Cluster

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Example: cluster 4/12

Reuse Pattern: 4/12 Cluster size: 12
C2 B1 B3 D2 A1 A3 A2 B3 B2 C3 B1 B2 D3 D1 D2
C1 A1 C1 A1 A3 A2 B3 C3 B1 B2 C2 D3 A3 D1 A2 C3
C1 C2 D3 D1 D2
Band Freque Carriers Channels Capa. / Capa. / width ncies per cell / Cell cell cluster [MHz] 2.5 12 1 7 2.94 35.28 5.0 25 2 14 9.01 108.12 7.5 37 3 22 14.90 178.8 10.0 50 4 30 21.93 263.16 Erlang B: Blocking 2%
Cap. Gain
306% 165% 147%
4/12: 4 sites, 12 cells 3 sectors per site
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Relation between Spectrum and Infrastructure Investment
Capacity: 400 Erlang Reuse Pattern: 4/12 Bandwidth Frequen- Capa. /site No. of [MHz] cies sites 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12 25 37 50 8.82 27.03 44.70 65.79 46 15 9 7
50 45 40 35
No. of sites
30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 Bandw idth
No. of sites due to coverage requirements
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Real Networks
This calculation Reality
inhomogeneous network multiple reuse / average reuse / tight reuse concepets Dynamic Capacity based on traffic distribution hard blocking and soft blocking Coverage is prerequisite
ideal hexagonal network only one reuse pattern Static capacity only hard blocking considered
coverage aspect neglected
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Tighten the Frequency Reuse

Fractional Load: No. of Carriers < No. of Frequencies
160,0
Capa ctiy/Cell [Erlang]
140,0 120,0 100,0 80,0 60,0 40,0 20,0 0,0 0,0 2,0 4,0 6,0 8,0 10,0 12,0 14,0 Bandwidth [MHz] Cluster Size 1 x 3 Cluster Size 4 x 12 Cluster Size 3 x 9 50% Frac. Load
Ba.width Cluster Cluster Cluster Cluster MHz 4x12 3x9 1x3 Fr 1x3 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 2 4 2 4 2 3 7 3 6 3 4 10 5 8 4 5 14 7 10 5 6 17 8 12 5 7 20 10
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Tighten the Frequency Reuse
60 50
No. of Sites
40 30 20 10 0 0,0 2,0 4,0 6,0 8,0 10,0 12,0 14,0 Bandwidth [MHz] Cluster Size 1 x 3 Cluster Size 3 x 9 Cluster Size 4 x 12
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The Capacity Model

Factors determining the capacity in a SFH network
Spectral Efficiency per Site
traffic bandwidth sites
transceiver site sites area
traffic traffic channels carriers fract. load = spectrum area channel transceiver bandwidth cluster size
system load
hard&soft blocking
TCH per carrier

8 full rate 16 half rate
carriers per 1 MHz

5x200 kHz (GSM)
frequency reuse
fractional re-use, e.g 1x1
operator spectrum
Dual band E-GSM
BTS density
cell split cells
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Radio Network Planning Process

1. Requirement analysis 2. Coarse planning (Nominal Cell Planning) 3. Fine planning 4. Initial tuning
5. Acceptance
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Nominal Cell Planning

Network Design Strategy Input Data Frequency Bands Coverage Criteria Capacity Objectives BTS Antennas Link Budget Digital Maps Radio Propagation Modeling Area Surveys Friendly Sites Tornado Settings Naming Convention Cell Sites Site Position Plots Coverage Plots Conclusion Abbreviations
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Cell Pattern / Reuse
C1
C3
C2
B1
A1
B3
B2
A3
A2
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Modern Radio Planning Principles

Capacity Enhancing Features
Radio Link Control
Frequency Hopping Power Control DTX
Hierarchical Cell Structure (HCS) Dual Band Concentric Cells
Planning of Data Services (GPRS)
Network Optimisation (Optimise Quality and Capacity)

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Introduction
General Methods for Capacity Enhancement
traffic traffic channels carriers 1 sites = bandwidth area channel carrier bandwidth cluster size area
channel usage 8 for FR 16 for HR 5 per MHz Frequency reuse Spectrum f. operator BS density
GSM
Option Method Directed Retry, Queueing Half Rate Channels RLC Options (FH + PC + DTX) Concentric Cells (IUO) Adaptive Antennas Multiband Operation Hierarchical Cell Structure
traffic per channel X
channels per carrier X
cluster size
band w idth
sites per area
X X (X ) X X X
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Synthesiser Frequency Hopping (SFH)

Basics Frequency Hopping
Frequency Diversity
mitigates frequency selective Rayleigh fading for slow MSs
Interference Diversity
averages interference due to interference diversity
Diversity Effects of Frequency Hopping (FH) compensate isolated corrupted or degraded bursts by forward error correction and by convolutional channel coding Use Diversity Effects of Frequency Hopping to improve Quality and Capacity
Quality Feature Capacity Feature

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Implementation of Tight Frequency Reuse Pattern

Application of SFH in combination with PC and DTX
Power Control (PC) reduces interference due to minimum transmission power Discontinuous Transmission (DTX) reduces burst collision probability due to no transmission during silence periods Frequency Hopping in combination with PC and DTX allows to further reduce interference to implement tight frequency reuse patterns in high capacity scenarios ? How far shall re-use be tightened for optimum performance? Planned re-use down to 4 ? Cluster 1x3 ? Cluster 1x1
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Implementation of Synthesiser Frequency Hopping

Baseband Frequency Hopping (BFH) versa Synthesiser Frequency Hopping BFH
No. of Hopping Frequencies = No. of TRXs* Narrow Band Combining Low insertion loss BCCH carrier included in the hopping system
SFH
No. of Hopping Frequencies No. of TRXs Wide Band Combining Higher insertion losses Flexible Realisation of different Tight Reuse Patterns (1x3, 1x1)
*)
A TCH connection is realised via all Transceivers (TRXs) of a cell

TRXs (Transceivers)
A TCH connection is realised via a dedicated TRX
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The Cost Model

Cost Savings related to Network Planning and Network Operation
Flexible frequency planning
Easy upgrading of TRXs without additional frequency planning Robustness of the Network Performance
Cost savings and efficiency gains to plan, maintain and operate the network can be significant
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The Quality Model

C/I, raw Bit Error Rate (BER) and Frame Erasure Rate (FER)
probability
FH no FH
probability 2% FER
10% C/I [dB] per location With FH: C/I decreases, raw BER and RXQUAL get worse But: Voice quality (FER) improves Use FER to evaluate the Quality in Networks using Hopping
FER [%]
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Throughput Reduction by Interference

14 12 10
TU3 CS 2 = 12kbps
TU3
LLC Data Rate (kbps)
CS 1 = 8kbps
8 6 4 2 0
CS1, no FH CS1, ideal FH CS2, no FH CS2, ideal FH
With FH and CS2 for the nearly static case for C/I = 10dB, then Throughput of User Data
20
10
12 C/I (dB)
14
16
18
10kbps
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User Bitrate Distribution for Dynamic Coding Scheme Allocation
CS1..3 CS1..2 CS1
CS1..4
PC off PC on
User Bitrate [kbit/s]
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The Quality Model

Relation between Capacity and Quality
Capacity
Quality
Quality Threshold: FER 2%
Quality Gain
Quality and Capacity is closely related Advanced Planning Tools required to allow the evaluation of the Quality - Capacity relation of a network based on FER statistics
90%@FER2%
Capacity Gain
no hopping hopping
Traffic Load
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Evaluation of the Capacity - Quality Relation

Advanced Planning Tools and Real Network Simulations Existing Network with predefined configuration
Network design & configuration SFH Sites, Non Hopping Sites performance measurements available spectrum & frequency plan drive tests Capacity Limits FER statistics BCCH Plan Frequency Reuse MAIO, HSN
Radio Network Planning (Tornado) Siemens Advanced Frequency Planning Tool Siemens Real Network System Level Simulator
Determination of the Capacity - Quality Relation
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Optimized Frequency Planning in SFH Networks

The Siemens Advanced Frequency Planning Tool (1/2) Capability to plan SFH networks considering
random/cyclic hopping interference/frequency diversity traffic load, traffic distribution fractional load PC, DTX Planning of an optimised BCCH plan
CIR [dB] Affected calls
NH 2 HF 3 HF 4 HF 5 HF 8 HF
50%
Quality assessment of the frequency assignments by graphical and statistical FER and CIR analysis
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Planning and Optimisation of SFH Networks

C/I distributions for tight reuse SFH 1x1 implementation
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FER in %
3%
<3% <2% < 1%
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Optimized Frequency Planning in SFH Networks

The Siemens Advanced Frequency Planning Tool (2/2)
Graphical FER analysis of an SFH network
FER in %
3%
FER in %
3%
<3% <2% < 1%
<3%
<2%
< 1%
1x3 reuse, 0,3 fractional load
1x3 reuse, 0,6 fractional load

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Results: Capacity Gain

Real Inhomogeneous Network (Spectrum: 8.6 MHz, 43 channels; 15 BCCHs)
various propagation conditions non ideal site positions and antennae solutions (antenna height and tilt) inhomogeneous traffic distribution
140 120 100
BFH
5/5/5 4/4/4 3/3/3 2/2/2
SFH
Ideal Homogeneous Network Inhomogeneous Network
Erl / Site
80 60 40 20 0
Cluster Size No. of Hop. Frequ. No. of TRXs
21 2 2
14 3 3
9,3 4 4
7 5 5
4 7 4(5)
1x3 9 4(5)
1x1 27 4(5)
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Frequency Planning Strategy
Selecting the split of the frequency band
Common Band
total operator bandwidth 8.6 MHz = 43 carriers Quality Probability
43 carriers for both BCCH and TCH
90%@FER2%
Dedicated Band
15 BCCH carriers 28 TCH carriers
Dedicated Band Common Band
Traffic Load
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Cyclic versa Random FH
5 hopping frequencies, re-use 7 (frequency planning)
80 70 60
27 hopping frequencies, re-use 1x1

80 70
60
Erl / Site 50 40 30 RH CH
Erl / Site
50 40 30 20 10 0 FH only
20
10
PC
DTX PC & DTX
FH only
PC
DTX PC & DTX
CH profits from better frequency diversity Interference diversity from individual freq. sets per cell
CH can hardly profit from PC and DTX due to missing interference diversity
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Setting the right frequency reuse strategy
14
Erl / Site / MHz
12 10 8 6 4 2 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 freq.
Reuse 1x1 Reuse 6
Limited spectrum: reuse 1x1 recommended due to higher FH gains Sufficient spectrum: planned reuse (e.g. 6) recommended due to better C/I and sufficient FH gains
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Planning and Optimisation of Networks using SFH

Performance Measurements
Define Key Quality Indicators related to Air Interface
Call Drop Rate
Handover Success Rate FER statistics
60%
FER Distribution (RxLev > 10 & RxQual >4)

Non Hopping BCCH vs. Hopping TCH
Performance Measurements
Handover statistics Interference measurements
50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%
Drive Testing / Abis traces

RxQual, RxLev, FER statistics
12 FER [%]
16
20
> 20
No Hopping BCCH
Hopping TCH 1x3
Hopping TCH 1x1
Hopping Gain can be seen in FER Distribution recorded via test mobile measurements
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SFH Networks
Performance Gains
Siemens SFH Networks in China Croatia Czech Rep. Germany Kuwait RSA Syria Taiwan Thailand USA
SFH Trial Projects

3.0%
Call Drop Rate [%]
~ 20 % Improvement
2.0%
1.0%
0.0% No Hopping SFH 1x1 SFH 1x3
Call Drop Rate BS
1.90%
1.59% 1.52%
Call Drop Rate improved by 20%
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Strategie for
HIERARCHICAL CELL STRUCTURES
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MOTIVATION
Hierarchical Network Structures - A Solution for: An existing network exceeds to a limit An existing network exceeds to a limit of capacity of available macro site locations uncovered Spots
An existing network includes numberless

Because
the worst thing witch could happen to an operator is a dissatisfied mobile subsriber
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Example for a HIERARCHICAL CELL STRUCTURE & Traffic Management

Priority Layer (1-16) Multi Layer Multi Band
Umbrella Cell GSM900 Radio Coverage Layer 5
5 Better Cell Handover
4
Forced Handover 3 2 Handover due to layer
Macro Cell GSM900/1800 Radio Coverage Layer 4
Small Cell GSM900/1800 Radio Coverage Layer 3 Micro Cell GSM900/1800 Radio Coverage Layer 2 Pico Cell GSM900/1800 Radio Coverage Layer 1
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Planning Strategies 1. HCS for Additional Network Capacity 2. HCS for Additional Network Coverage
Important:
HCS is a profitable way to combine GSM900 & GSM1800 Networks
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Coverage Evaluation
HCS Cell Structures:
a) HCS Micro Cells for HIGH TRAFFIC SPOTS
Micro Macro- Cell
b) HCS Micro Cell Networks (Continues Microcell Layer Network)

Micro Macro- Cell
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COVERAGE PREDICTION FOR Outdoor MICRO CELLS (Example)

Micro - Cell Site -Location Macro - Cell Site -Location
Tornado 2.7
Building Outlines
Part of the City of Munich

Building Outlines
Scale = 0.5 Km
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Frequency Allocation in HCS Networks

HCS frequency uses:
a) HCS Networks which use the same frequencies in different layers (Highest spectrum efficiency => Highest network capacity)
Micro - Macro available spectrum
b) HCS Networks which use different Frequencies in different layers (Easy frequencyplan preparation without tool support)
Micro
Macro available spectrum
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Network Optimization
Increasing our Customers Revenue and Network Quality
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Network Optimization Process

Bad RX-Qual Fixed Network Synchronisation Problems Blocking Coverage Signalling Problems Dropped Calls Hardware Failures
Verification
Implementation Detailed Analysis Pre - Analysis Data Collection
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What has to be taken into account ?

Verification
Improvement Check Implementation Detailed Analysis Pre - Analysis Data Collection Proposal of Solutions Detection of Problem Areas Consistency & Accuracy of Data
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Siemens Network Optimization Services

Data Collection Pre - Analysis
Snapshot
Detailed Analysis
Detailed Analysis
Implementation Verification
Acceptance
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Network Snapshot: Example

Benchmarking of Network Performance
Measured values are remarkable worse than typical vlaues!
Measured Grade Of Service (GOS) Typical Measured Values 1 Values * Switch A Switch B Aver. / Sum Success Rate MOC (PSTN) MOC (PLMN) MTC (paging resp.) HO LUP PAG SMS 95% 95% 95% 85% 95% 90% 94% 84% 97% 82% 96% 86% 0% 93% 64% 95% 81% 97% 88% 0% 93% 74% 96% 82% 97% 87% 0%
Lower call setup success rate.
Direct correlation to LOST REVENUE.
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Network Analysis: Optimisation of Frequency Plans

before Optimisation after Optimisation 70% 60%
Affected Area
50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 0
Reduction of the area affected by adjacent channel interference
10
15
20
25
Cumulative C/Ia (dB)

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Planning Tools Generation of the interference matrix

Potentially serving signal SC
EIRP - Path loss
Interference matrix
Cell area
Potentially interfering signal SI
EIRP - Path loss

Ai
Affected area due to C/A Affected area due to C/I
50%
9 dB 7 dB 5 dB 3 dB 1 dB
Percentage of potentially affected calls due to C/I 50 % 60 % 70 % 80 % 90 %
Percentage of potentially affected calls due to C/A 0% 0% 0% 5% 10 %
Ai Ai
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Implementation and Verification: Verification by Drive Testing

L3 Messages
CONNECT DISCONNECT HANDOVER COMPLETE (0) (1) (5)
L3 Messages
CONNECT DISCONNECT HANDOVER COMPLETE (0) (1) (22)
RxQual Sub
6 to 7 4 to 6 0 to 4 all others (117) (60) (122) (4)
RxQual Sub
6 to 7 (17) 4 to 6 (52) 0 to 4 (292)
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Network Analysis: Benefit of Frequency Hopping

Performance and Quality Indicators
2.5%
2.0%
Rate [%]
1.5%
Non Hopping Hopping
1.0%
0.5%
0.0% No Assignment TCH Rate Dropped Call Rate Lost before answer Call Drop Rate Rate (TCH)
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Reference Projects: Network Optimization

Turn Key including Network Optimization - Netcom, Norway - PTC, Poland - AIS, Thailand - PCC, Taiwan Network Optimization SSS - SFR, France - Comviq, Sweden - Vodacom, RSA - Binariang, Malaysia
Network Optimization (SSS & BSS) - Shanghai PTA, China - Anhui PTA, China - Beijing Unicom, China - Telcomsel, Indonesia - Vodacom, RSA
Network Snapshot - P&T Luxemburg - PCC, Taiwan
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Further Information Information Management System

UMTS GSM-R Corporate GSM Inhouse Solutions Features
Data Services, HCS, Dualband, Microcell, Picocell, Location Services, LAC, Handover
Parameter & Frequency Planning Radio Network Planning Fundamentals

Antenna, Repeater, Propagation Models, Link Budget, DTM, Safety Standards, Extended Cells, Signaling Channels, HW Configuration, OEM Products
Technical Information Links not related to existing fundamental topic

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Key Differences Between Cyclic and Random Hopping

Random Hopping
Interaction between Frequency Hopping, Power Control and DTX

Good Interference Diversity (averaging) allows for:
PC quality improvements to be converted into capacity increase independent of mobile speed DTX quality improvements to be converted into capacity increase independent of mobile speed Combination with PC and DTX for capacity increase very useful! Moderate Frequency Diversity compared to cyclic hopping due to likely repetitive use of frequencies over 8 bursts Europe only: Technical problems with old mobile types
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Simulation Results
Coverage at 2% FER vs. System Load and Hopping Frequencies
Power Control OFF; DTX OFF
Simulation Results
Power Control ON; DTX OFF
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Coverage at 2% FER vs. System Load and Hopping Frequencies
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Throughput Reduction by Interference

14 12 10
TU3 CS 2 = 12kbps
TU3
LLC Data Rate (kbps)
CS 1 = 8kbps
8 6 4 2 0
CS1, no FH CS1, ideal FH CS2, no FH CS2, ideal FH
With FH and CS2 for the nearly static case for C/I = 10dB, then Throughput of User Data
20
10
12 C/I (dB)
14
16
18
10kbps
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Real Network Simulations

Real Network System Level Simulator
Radio Network Planning (Tornado) Advanced Frequency Planning Tool
Hopping gains planning guidelines parameter settings
network configuration pathloss predictions frequency plan Feature Settings
Real Network System Level Simulator

Radio Network Model Cell selection MS positioning implementation of FH, PC, DTX and GSM multi-frame structure calculation of CIRburst
CIRburst
Statistical Radio Link Model mapping of CIRburst onto BER, FER, 1bRBER
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RXQUAL vs. FER in FH Networks

No Frequency Hopping
7
Cyclic FH 2 Frequencies
7
RXQUAL@90%
6 5 4 3 2 1 0
RXQUAL@90%
2% FER
6 5 4 3 2 1 0
2% FER
0,1
10
100
0,1
10
100
FER@90% [%] Cyclic FH 4 Frequencies

7
FER@90% [%] Cyclic FH 8 Frequencies

7
RXQUAL@90%
RXQUAL@90%
6
5 4 3 2 1 0 0,1
2% FER
6 5 4 3 2 1 0
2% FER
10
100
0,1
10
100
FER@90% [%]
FER@90% [%]
RXQUAL is used in HO and PC decisions RXQUAL thresholds have to be adapted for FH

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Results: Capacity Gain

Ideal Homogeneous Network (Spectrum: 8.6 MHz, 43 channels; 15 BCCHs)
Capacity is limited by the minimum of hard blocking, e.g. fulfilling Erlang-B Table at 2% (red dashed line) soft blocking, e.g. fulfilling quality criterion FER 2% for 90% of the calls
140
Hopping
120 100
BFH
5/5/5 4/4/4
SFH
No Hopping
Erl / Site
80 60 40 20 0
3/3/3 2/2/2
Cluster Size No. of Hop. Frequ. No. of TRXs
21 2 2
14 3 3
9,3 4 4
7 5 5
4 7 6(7)
1x3 9 5(6)
1x1 27 4(5)
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Conclusions
SFH allows in combination with PC and DTX to improve quality and enhance capacity in a cost efficient manner Depending on the operator spectrum tight re-use patterns (e.g. 1x1) are recommended for limited spectrum (SFH implementation) and re-use of 4 and higher (BFH) are recommended for sufficient spectrum
Quality Threshold: FER 2%
Quality Gain
90%@FER2%
Capacity Gain
no hopping hopping
Traffic Load
Optimum capacity and quality gains are achieved via the use of optimisation tools based on real network data supporting the selection of the right SFH implementation scenario

Modern Radio Planning

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CoC Dubai

Modern Radio Planning Principles

Information and Communication Mobile

Overview Network Planning Principles

Objectives of Cellular Radio Planning

Dietrich, Implem. SFH, FPF_IIR.ppt, slide 4 20-June-00

Dietrich, Implem. SFH, FPF_IIR.ppt, slide 5 20-June-00

Coverage & Capacity

Quality & Capacity

Dietrich, Implem. SFH, FPF_IIR.ppt, slide 7 20-June-00

General Radio Network Planning Principles

Dietrich, Implem. SFH, FPF_IIR.ppt, slide 8 20-June-00

Propagation Model (900 MHz, 1800 MHz)

combiner loss Rx Sensitivity BS

cable loss downlink Rx Sensitivity MS

cable loss uplink

antenna diversity gain

Dietrich, Implem. SFH, FPF_IIR.ppt, slide 11 20-June-00

Dietrich, Implem. SFH, FPF_IIR.ppt, slide 12 20-June-00

traffic traffic channels transceiver = cell channel transceiver cell

Allocation of Frequencies to the Transceivers Allocation of Frequencies to the Transceivers

A cluster is a group of cells using the complete available spectrum once.

Tool supported planning

Tool supported frequency assignment based on interference matrix considering FH gains

Dietrich, Implem. SFH, FPF_IIR.ppt, slide 16 20-June-00

Cell Pattern / Reuse

3 / 9 Cell Patter D = 5,2 R

4 / 12 Cell Patter D=6R

7 / 21 Cell Patter D = 7,9 R

Capacity per cluster

No. of Carriers per Cluster No of Frequencies = No. of Carriers

Capacity per Cluster

Example: cluster 4/12

306% 165% 147%

4/12: 4 sites, 12 cells 3 sectors per site

Dietrich, Implem. SFH, FPF_IIR.ppt, slide 19 20-June-00

Relation between Spectrum and Infrastructure Investment

30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 Bandw idth

No. of sites due to coverage requirements

Dietrich, Implem. SFH, FPF_IIR.ppt, slide 20 20-June-00

coverage aspect neglected

Dietrich, Implem. SFH, FPF_IIR.ppt, slide 21 20-June-00

Tighten the Frequency Reuse

Capa ctiy/Cell [Erlang]

Dietrich, Implem. SFH, FPF_IIR.ppt, slide 22 20-June-00

Tighten the Frequency Reuse

Dietrich, Implem. SFH, FPF_IIR.ppt, slide 23 20-June-00

The Capacity Model

traffic bandwidth sites

transceiver site sites area

TCH per carrier

carriers per 1 MHz

Dietrich, Implem. SFH, FPF_IIR.ppt, slide 24 20-June-00

Radio Network Planning Process

Nominal Cell Planning

Dietrich, Implem. SFH, FPF_IIR.ppt, slide 26 20-June-00

Cell Pattern / Reuse

3 / 9 Cell Patter D = 5,2 R

Dietrich, Implem. SFH, FPF_IIR.ppt, slide 27 20-June-00

Modern Radio Planning Principles

Hierarchical Cell Structure (HCS) Dual Band Concentric Cells

Planning of Data Services (GPRS)

Network Optimisation (Optimise Quality and Capacity)