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Dynamic Routing

Advantages of Dynamic Routing over Static Routing : Advertise only the directly connected networks. Updates the topology changes dynamically. Administrative work is reduced. Used in medium & large networks.

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Types of Dynamic Routing Protocols

Distance Vector Protocol

Link State Protocol

Hybrid Protocol (Advance Distance Vector Protocol)

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Distance Vector Protocols

Uses Bellman-Ford algorithm. Classfull routing protocol. Full Routing tables are exchanged. Routing updates are sent at periodic intervals. Updates are sent through broadcast IP address. Also known as Routing By Rumor Example: RIP-v1, IGRP.

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Link State Protocols Uses Dijkstras algorithm. Classless routing protocol. First time full Database tables are exchanged, later only changed link state information is exchanged. Incremental / Flash updates. Updates are sent through multicast IP address. Also known as Routing by Intelligence Example : OSPF, IS-IS.
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Hybrid Protocols

Uses DUAL (Diffusion Update Algorithm) Classless routing protocols Missing routes are exchanged Incremental updates

Updates are sent through multicast IP address

Also known as Routing by Intelligence Example : EIGRP, RIP-v2

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Routing Information Protocol

Open Standard Protocol Classfull routing protocol Updates are sent on broadcast IP address 255.255.255.255 Administrative distance is 120 Metric : Hop count Max Hop counts : 15 Max routers : 16

Load Balancing on 4 equal cost paths (Maximum 6 paths) Used for small networks
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Rip Timers Update timer : 30 sec Time between consecutive updates Invalid timer : 180 sec Time a router waits to hear updates The route is marked unreachable if there is no update during this interval. Flush timer : 240 sec Time before the invalid route is purged from the routing table

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RIP - Network Diagram

10.0.0.1/8 S0

11.0.0.1/8 S0

HYD

E0 192.168.1.1/24

S1 10.0.0.2/8

CHE

E0 192.168.2.1/24

S1 11.0.0.2/8

BAN
E0 192.168.3.1/24

LAN - 192.168.1.0/24

LAN 192.168.2.0/24

LAN - 192.168.3.0/24

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Disadvantages of RIP

More Bandwidth utilization for sending updates Doesnt consider the bandwidth in metric calculation, uses only hop counts Slow convergence Formation of Routing loops

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Routing loops

Routing loops are formed due to the default behavior of RIP, where it exchanges the complete routing tables with its neighbors or due to slow network convergence.

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Routing Loop Avoidance

There are three in-built mechanisms which avoids routing loops in Distance-Vector Routing Protocols
Route Poisoning It is a mechanism to inform about unreachable routes to neighbors. 2. Split Horizon A Route learned through an interface is never advertised back on the same interface it learned. 3. Hold-down timer Timer set to avoid inconsistent updates.

Flash update (Triggered update) : Route will use flash update to intimate topology changes to neighbor.

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Comparison between RIPv1 & RIPv2

RIP-v1 Classfull routing protocol Do not advertise subnet mask information in routing update It works with broadcasting (255.255.255.255) RIP-v2 Classless routing protocol Advertise subnet mask information in routing updates

It works with multicasting(224.0.0.9)

Supports authentication

It does not support authentication

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Naveen Patel

Microsoft Windows 2000 [Version 5.00.2195] (C) Copyright 1985-2000 Microsoft Corp. C:\> telnet 192.168.1.1 Connecting ..... ================================ Welcome to Hyderabad Router ================================ User Access Verification password : **** Directly Connected Networks on Hyderabad> enable HYDERABAD Router password : **** Hyderabad# configure terminal 192.168.1.0 Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. 10.0.0.0 Hyderabad(config)# interface serial 0 Hyderabad(config-if)# ip address 10.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 Hyderabad(config-if)# no shut Hyderabad(config-if)# clockrate 64000 Hyderabad(config-if)# encapsulation hdlc Hyderabad(config-if)# exit Hyderabad(config)#

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Diagram

Hyderabad(config)# no ip routing Hyderabad(config)# ip routing Hyderabad(config)# router rip Hyderabad(config-router)# network 192.168.1.0 Hyderabad(config-router)# network 10.0.0.0 Hyderabad(config-router)# Configuring RIP Router(config)# router rip Router(config-router)# network <Network ID>

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Diagram

Hyderabad(config)# no ip routing Hyderabad(config)# ip routing Hyderabad(config)# router rip Hyderabad(config-router)# network 192.168.1.0 Hyderabad(config-router)# network 10.0.0.0 Hyderabad(config-router)# ^Z Hyderabad# show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP i- IS-IS, L1-IS-IS level-1, L2-IS-IS level-2,*- candidate default U - per-user static route, o - ODR

Gateway of last resort is not set C 10.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0 R 11.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 10.0.0.2, 00:00:25, Serial0 C 192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0 R 192.168.2.0/24 [120/1] via 10.0.0.2, 00:00:25, Serial0 of Rip 120 is Metric nothing but R for RIP routes Administrative Distance R 192.168.3.0/24 [120/2] Hop via Count 10.0.0.2, 00:00:25, Serial0 Hyderabad# Diagram Naveen Patel

Hyderabad# show ip protocols Routing Protocol is "rip" Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 13 seconds Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240 Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set Redistributing: rip Default version control: send version 1, receive any version Interface Send Recv Key-chain Ethernet0 1 1 2 Serial0 1 1 2 Routing for Networks: 192.168.1.0 10.0.0.0 Routing Information Sources: Gateway Distance Last Update 10.0.0.2 120 00:00:00 Distance: (default is 120) Hyderabad#

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Diagram

Microsoft Windows 2000 [Version 5.00.2195] (C) Copyright 1985-2000 Microsoft Corp. C:\> telnet 192.168.2.1 Connecting ..... ================================ Welcome to Chennai Router ================================ User Access Verification password : **** Chennai> enable Directly Connected Networks on CHENNAI Router password : **** Chennai# configure terminal 192.168.2.0 Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. 10.0.0.0 Chennai(config)# interface serial 1 11.0.0.0 Chennai(config-if)# ip address 10.0.0.2 255.0.0.0 Chennai(config-if)# no shut Chennai(config-if)# encapsulation hdlc Chennai(config-if)# interface serial 0 Chennai(config-if)# ip address 11.0.0.1 255.0.0.0 Chennai(config-if)# no shut Chennai(config-if)# encapsulation hdlc Diagram Naveen Patel

Chennai(config)# no ip routing Chennai(config)# ip routing Chennai(config)# router rip Chennai(config-router)# network 192.168.2.0 Chennai(config-router)# network 10.0.0.0 Chennai(config-router)# network 11.0.0.0 Configuring RIP Chennai(config-router)# Router(config)# router rip Router(config-router)# network <Network ID>

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Diagram

Chennai(config)# no ip routing Chennai(config)# ip routing Chennai(config)# router rip Chennai(config-router)# network 192.168.2.0 Chennai(config-router)# network 10.0.0.0 Chennai(config-router)# network 11.0.0.0 ^ Chennai(config-router)# Z Chennai# show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP i- IS-IS, L1-IS-IS level-1, L2-IS-IS level-2,*- candidate default U - per-user static route, o - ODR

Gateway of last resort is not set

C 10.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial1 C 11.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial0 R 192.168.1.0/24 [120/1] via 10.0.0.1, 00:00:01, Serial1 C 192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0 R 192.168.3.0/24 [120/1] 11.0.0.2, of Rip00:00:12, Serial0 120 via is Metric nothing but R for RIP routes Diagram Chennai# Administrative Distance Hop Count Naveen Patel

Chennai# show ip protocols Routing Protocol is "rip" Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 5 seconds Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240 Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set Redistributing: rip Default version control: send version 1, receive any version Interface Send Recv Key-chain Ethernet0 1 1 2 Serial0 1 1 2 Serial1 1 1 2 Routing for Networks: 192.168.2.0 10.0.0.0 11.0.0.0 Routing Information Sources: Gateway Distance Last Update 11.0.0.2 120 00:00:23 10.0.0.1 120 00:00:03 Distance: (default is 120) Chennai# Diagram Naveen Patel

Microsoft Windows 2000 [Version 5.00.2195] (C) Copyright 1985-2000 Microsoft Corp. C:\> telnet 192.168.3.1 Connecting ..... ================================ Welcome to Banglore Router ================================ User Access Verification password : **** Banglore> enableDirectly Connected Networks on Banglore Router password : **** Banglore# configure terminal 192.168.3.0 Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. 11.0.0.0 Banglore(config)# interface serial 1 Banglore(config-if)# ip address 11.0.0.2 255.0.0.0 Banglore(config-if)# no shut Banglore(config-if)# clockrate 64000 Banglore(config-if)# encapsulation hdlc Banglore(config-if)# exit Banglore(config)#

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Diagram

Banglore(config)# no ip routing Banglore(config)# ip routing Banglore(config)# router rip Banglore(config-router)# network 192.168.3.0 Banglore(config-router)# network 11.0.0.0 Banglore(config-router)# Configuring RIP Router(config)# router rip Router(config-router)# network <Network ID>

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Diagram

Banglore(config)# no ip routing Banglore(config)# ip routing Banglore(config)# router rip Banglore(config-router)# network 192.168.3.0 Banglore(config-router)# network 11.0.0.0 Banglore(config-router)# ^Z Banglore# show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP i- IS-IS, L1-IS-IS level-1, L2-IS-IS level-2,*- candidate default U - per-user static route, o - ODR

Gateway of last resort is not set R 10.0.0.0/8 [120/1] via 11.0.0.1, 00:00:04, Serial1 C 11.0.0.0/8 is directly connected, Serial1 R 192.168.1.0/24 [120/2] via 11.0.0.1, 00:00:04, Serial1 of Rip 120 is Metric nothing but for RIP routes R R 172.16.0.0/16 [120/1] via Administrative Distance 00:00:04, Serial1 Hop 11.0.0.1, Count C 192.168.3.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0 Banglore# Diagram Naveen Patel

Banglore# show ip protocols Routing Protocol is "rip" Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 15 seconds Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240 Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set Redistributing: rip Default version control: send version 1, receive any version Interface Send Recv Key-chain Ethernet0 1 1 2 Serial1 1 1 2 Routing for Networks: 192.168.3.0 11.0.0.0 12.0.0.0 Routing Information Sources: Gateway Distance Last Update 11.0.0.1 120 00:00:06 Distance: (default is 120) Banglore#

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Diagram

Hyderabad# ping 192.168.3.10 Type escape sequence to abort.

Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.3.10, timeout is 2 seconds:

!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/43/44 ms

Hyderabad# ping 192.168.2.10 Type escape sequence to abort.

Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.2.10, timeout is 2 seconds:

!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/43/44 ms

Hyderabad#

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Diagram

Chennai# ping 192.168.1.10 Type escape sequence to abort.

Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.1.10, timeout is 2 seconds:

!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/43/44 ms

Chennai# ping 192.168.3.10 Type escape sequence to abort.

Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.3.10, timeout is 2 seconds:

!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/43/44 ms

Chennai#

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Diagram

Banglore# ping 192.168.1.10 Type escape sequence to abort.

Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.1.10, timeout is 2 seconds:

!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/43/44 ms

Banglore# ping 192.168.2.10 Type escape sequence to abort.

Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 192.168.2.10, timeout is 2 seconds:

!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 40/43/44 ms

Banglore#

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Diagram