Background

borne in Pulau Keladi, Pahang on

March 11th 1922 Chief Leader of UMNO Youth Minister of Education in 9th August, 1955 fought hard alongside with Tunku Abdul Rahman in retrieving the independence of Malaya May 11 incident, director of MAGERAN Second Prime Minister of Malaysia

Malaysia Foreign Policy under Tun Abdul Razaks Era as Deputy Prime Minister
In Tunkus era, Malaysia was aligned with the West Tunku had taken approach more to informal

negotiations rather than formal discussion In Tunkus era, Tun Razak acted as a mediator and diplomat role. Tun Razak had seen Tunkus foreign policy weakness and showed dissatisfaction for Tunku

 Tunkus resignation due to the failure to attain good mandate during the 1969 General Elections and the racial riots during May 13 incident had consequently caused Tunkus resignation and Tun Abdul Razaks succession.

had gained experiences as Tunku had handed majority work regarding foreign affairs to Tun Razak during his time as Deputy Prime Minister.

 Tun Razaks decision on changing the direction of Malaysias foreign policy that non-alignment, neutrality and equidistance

Malaysia was not unfriendly with communist countries and that states, irrespective of political learnings, have the right to coexist peacefully had launched foreign policy which is more open and neutral.

 stated that Malaysias foreign policy should not be depending on any country. Malaysia should be aware that countrys defense lies on the country it owns.

a deep impact of the incident of Malaysia- Indonesia

Confrontation, and it really aware the leaders to drop the pro-western policy that was adopted earlier.

 The confrontation had result the break of diplomatic relations between both Malaysia and Singapore. Malaysia was aware the importance of the relations with Afro-Asia.

learnt a lesson from the incident of the United State had

choose to side Indonesia instead of Malaysia Tun Abdul Razak, along with Lee Kuan Yew had taken approach in result to regain good relations with respective countries by visiting North and East African.

 concluded that Malaysia should had more pragmatic diplomatic principle with foreign nations in the form of Southeast Asia Neutralization.

Principle known as a regional concept and as a way to

protect the country. successfully gained attention and support from the Southeast Asia countries to join the principle.

 had launched some renewal on Malaysias foreign policy. The recruitment of Tun Ghazali Shafie in cabinet had facilitated his process on executing the neutralization policies.

The visiting to the People Republic of China in 1974 was a huge step made by Malaysia further from its previous policy.

 Tun Razak had made a brave move to develop

diplomatic relationship with China when China supported his neutralization in ASEAN.

Consistent with neutralization concept introduced by Tun Razak, which stated to befriend any countries without concerning its political ideology.

-facing national security problems -communist insurgency -security from external threats -Vietnam War -first established diplomatic relations with countries in the AfroAsia and also with communist countries like China due to the adoption of a neutral and impartial basis as a new direction in foreign policy in Malaysia

-internal security in the country was one of the biggest problem -The Parti Komunis Malaya( PKM) still active -lauched a few attacks

-launched a rocket attack towards the Malaysias military air base in Kuala Lumpur
-blew up a bulldozer in the East-West Highway nearby the Grik

-moved towards Lipis and Raub in Pahang and killed three members from the security group and wounded a few secutity members

-In order to check the communism, Tun Razak had took approaches either to strengthen military forces in domestic region or allied with foreign countries.
-In 1973, Malaysia had cooperated with Thailand

- establish a military alliance with neighboring countries

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-an external defense treaty with the British government in 12th of August 1957 that was known as the Anglo-Malayan Defense Agreement (AMDA)

-had played a major in Malayas defense and acted as the backbone of the country if the country is invaded by any foreign country

-In 1967, replaced with the Five Power Defense Arrangements ( FPDA) -FPDA provides for the defense cooperation and for an Integrated Air Defense System ( IADS) for Malaysia and Singapore based in RMAF (Royal Malaysia Air Force) Butterworth under the command of an Australia Air ViceMarshall (2 Star) -Tun Razak agreed to join the FPDA because it gives a guarantee on security and defense of the country and encourages the cooperation between Malaysia and Singapore -FPDA was an unsatisfactory arrangement as it marked different provision from AMDA under Britain which had gave explicit defense guarantee to Malaysia against external aggression

Tuan Razak was one of the founding member of the Association of southeast Asia Nation (ASEAN) in 1967. Tuan Razak either directly or indirectly developed diplomatic relationship with countries in the southeast Asia region. The purpose of establishing AEAN was mainly due to the safety of the southeast Asia countries. Actually the southeast Asia was always exposed external threat especially among the world superpowers such as the United States, the Soviet Union and the Communist China and the fact was realized by leaders in Southeast Asia countries.

Four main principles in his foreign policy

i) The non-aligned policy

ii) The neutralization policy of Southeast Asia

iii) The integrity and peaceful co-existence

iv) regionalism which encourages cooperation in ASEAN countries

The main objectives that Malaysia supporting the concept

Malaysia had assured the other ASEAN members the three main objectives that Malaysia is supporting the concept was due to three main reasons. i) Southeast Asia countries should settle the conflict in Cambodia which was the caused by the interference of foreign powers. ii) The external military forces should retreat from Cambodias land. iii) Malaysia criticized and rejected the puppet government of Heng Samrin

The ZOPFAN
In 1971, at a special meeting of the ASEAN foreign ministers in Kuala Lumpur, Tun Razak further reinforced his policy of neutrality though the adoption of the Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality (ZOPFAN) for southeast Asia to Tun Abdul Razak, ZOPFAN would reinforce the principle of non-alignment and the spirit of the 1966 Bangkok declaration which underlined the presence of foreign bases on the region was temporary. Tun Razak was fully aware that an equidistance relationship with all the major world powers was the sine qua non in realizing ZOPFAN . The major powers have to recognize and quarantee the declaration and they should not make the region as their battlefield to gain hegemony. The declaration of Kuala Lumpur had made the concept of ZOPFAN into reality with the objective to establish the political linkage between countries in the southeast Asia in order to have cooperation and relations on economic and social aspects.

The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation(OIC)

is the second largest inter-governmental organization after the United Nations (UN) which has membership of 57 states spread over four continents.

Members 57 countries four continents

-AZERBAIJAN -JORDAN -AFGHANISTAN -ARAB EMIRATES INDONESIA -UZBEKISTAN -IRAN -PAKISTAN -BAHRAIN -BRUNEI-DARUSSALAM -BANGLADESH -TAJIKISTAN -TURKEY -TURKMENISTAN -SAUDI ARABIA -SYRIAN -IRAQ -OMAN -PALESTINE KYRGYZ -QATAR -KAZAKHSTAN -KUWAIT -LEBANON -MALDIVES -MALAYSIA -YEMEN AFRICA -UGANDA - BENIN -BURKINA -FASO -CHAD - TOGO TUNISIA -ALGERIA -DJIBOUTI -SENEGAL - ALBANIA -SUDAN -SURINAME -SIERRA LEONE -SOMALIA -GABON -GAMBIA -GUINEA -GUNEA -BISSAU -COMOROS -CAMEROON -COTEDIVOIRE -LIBY -MALI -EGYPT -MOROCCO - GUYANA -MOZAMBIQUE -NIGER -NIGERIA

In the period 1970 -1976,

under Tun Abdul Razak, as a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), Malaysia began to identify itself as a Muslim nation

in the Third Conference of Foreign Ministers in Islamic Countries, held in Jeddah, headquarters of OIC, TunRazak had acted as the Chief of Malaysias Representative in that conference. TunRazak had related a few issues that was debated on the agenda in the Conference in Rabat regarding the invasion of Al-Aqsa Mosque on August 21,1969. Jerusalems issues and the colonies law of Israel.

During TunRazaks Era, he continued Tunkus work in developing good relationships with Islamic country. Malaysia was formed as an Islamic country and Islam was already declared as the official religion of the country. example: In 19th until 22nd of January 1975, TunRazak had visited Kuwait and was welcomed by Prince SkeikhJabar Al- Ahmad Al Sabah. Tun Abdul Razak also visited Oman in 22nd -23rd of January 1975 and also Qatar in 23rd -25th January in the same year.

The relation between Malaysia and Arabic countries had contributed in the field of

education field.

The turbulence of Indochina

The war in Vietnam and Cambodia are political issues that concern the region of Southeast Asia Malaysia
two world superpowers, United

States Soviet Union The retreat of British and United States militaries from Indochina and the repeal of SEATO had further worried ASEAN leaders warning Malaysia that the communists threat had drove nearer.

 Tun Razak had made an important suggestion, that was

ASEAN countries need guarantee and protection of the great forces in the China was the only country that supported the neutralization concept and Tun Razak tried to gain support from China as a shield by having diplomatic relationship with China.

Malaysia and East Asia and East Europe

In September 1971, Tun Razak had announced the Malaysia foreign policy

towards Malaysia. Initial stage: trade relations In May 1974, Malaysia had become the first ASEAN country that developed diplomatic relations with the People Republic of China when Tun Razak had officially visited the country. Tun Razak also developed diplomatic relationship with South Korea and Japan, especially in the field of science and technology

 Along the year 1973,Malaysia relationship with East Europe countries

had been justified as pleasant and cooperate in the relations of politics, economics and social. Tun Razak had organized series of visits to Yugoslavia and Romania to uncover new fields with the regarding countries. Soviet Union also had shown interest in developing diplomatic relationship with Malaysia. Besides that, Malaysia also had developed diplomatic relationship with Bulgaria especially in spices trading

Comparison with Tunku

Compare to Tunku Abdul Rahman, Tun Razak was more open minded

in executing his foreign policy Unlike Tunku, Tun Razak tried to bring any matter regarding foreign policy to the cabinet and discussed with the members in it Tun Razaks foreign policy was considered a more successful and more pragmatic. Unlike Tun Razak,Tunku had no better choice but to align with the West.

 Malaysias foreign policy experienced a total shift when

Tun Razak New Directions under New Order that Tun Razak had set a clear direction in Malaysias foreign policy for the next few generations of Malaysias leader