Example 2 - Two Equal Spans: Abutment

Example 2 - Two equal spans
Abutment
Bent cap Circular bent columns
Abutment
Three foundation options: 1. Fixed column bases

Details on following slides
2. Pile/cap column bases ( two versions )
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Example2-Two-Equal-Spans-Option1-Final.ppt
railing 8" slab deck 75" 73" 4" 99" 75" 4" 73" 4.0' = 48" 71"
30" circular columns
20.0' = 240"
Ground level Foundation: Three options 29.0'
deck
8"
99"
BT-63
63"
bearing
4" cap 48" 4.0' 3 @ 7.0' 4.0'
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Railing
26.0' face-to-face 300 lb/ft (0.3 k/ft)
9" 1.0' 27.0' 6.0' 17.0' 3.0' 18"
Bent cap
4.0'
30"
5.0'
8.5'
20.0'
Foundation
Foundation
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Foundation Option 1: Bent columns on fixed supports
Abutment
Bent cap Bent column
Abutment
Columns assumed fixed at ground level
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Foundation Options 2 and 3: Bent columns on capped piles ( Two versions )
Abutment
Bent cap
Pile cap Abutment
Each column supported by 9-pile group
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Example 2 Option 1: Bent columns on fixed supports
Abutment
Bent cap Bent column Columns fixed at ground level Abutment
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railing
8" slab deck

4" 8.25' 75" = 6.25' 4.0' 30.25' 22.0' 20.0' Top of column at midheight of bent cap
Ground level
Fully-fixed foundation ("fixed foundation springs")
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X = 80.0' Z Pinned bearing Z=0
Z = -6.083' Z = -6.25'
Roller bearing (X = 0, X = 160')
Z = -6.25'
Z = -6.083' Z = -8.25'
Abutment
Bent
22.0'
Z = -30.25'
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Use Orb to open New File
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Start Bridge Wizard define Layout Line
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Bent at X = 80 will be added later
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Default materials
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Specify the Frame Sections used for the bent cap, bent columns, and girders
BT-63 Girders
48" 36" Bent cap: same concrete as used in deck
30" concrete columns: same concrete as used in deck
Option 1: Fixed column bases (shown) Option 2: Pile/cap foundation
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Frame Sections: bent cap, bent columns, BT-63 girders
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Define and name the Bent Cap (only one)
Verify that section dimensions are inches
See the next page for a hidden result of selecting a Rectangular concrete section
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Selecting a Rectangular concrete Frame Section automatically adds the default reinforcing steel A615Gr60 (note default sizes, etc.) to the list of Defined Materials
Confirm by going back to Step 3.1 in the Bridge Wizard
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Bent cap parameters and coordinates
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BT-63 girder and coordinates
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Deck Sections
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Bearings
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Keep default d.o.f.s
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Abutments
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Define and name abutments
Bearing "fixed" abutment support Same abutment named Abutments used at both ends of the bridge Recall that the bearings are not part of the abutment definitions
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Bent
The bent consists of the bent cap and the bent columns. The fixity condition at the base of the column is part of the bent definition. In Option 1 the columns are assumed fixed at the ground level, as shown below. A different fixity definition will be required in Option 2 (pile/cap foundation)
Bent cap Bent column
Bent
Columns assumed fixed at ground level
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Assumed bearing condition at the bent The deck sections in both spans are assumed continuous across the bent cap. This is permitted only when both deck sections on either side of the bent are the same. The deck sections are supported (at the undersides of the girders) on pinned bearings that lie transversely along a single bearing line at the centerline of the cap.
Deck sections in both spans lie on same bearing line Pinned bearing Bent cap
30" concrete columns
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Cap coordinate orientation

2
Cap member coordinate system
1 2
The cap "fits" in bridge such that the origin of the cap coordinate system is at the left end of the cap, viewed in the structure +X direction
Y Z X
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View from X = 0
22.0' 5.0' 1
Bent cap 3.0'
4.0'
30"
5.0' 8.5'
22.0'
20.0'
Fixed base
Fixed base
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Bent
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Define columns on next screen
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Bent column positions, lengths and boundary conditions
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Railings same as used in Example 1

Left edge of bridge
Line load named LEFTRAIL (same as RIGHTRAIL)
Right edge of bridge
Z X
Line load named RIGHTRAIL: Global coordinate system gravity load ( -Z direction )
Assume 300 lb/foot = 0.3 kip/foot Assume applied 9" = 0.75 ft from right edge of bridge
VIEW
"Left" and "right" bridge edges are as seen looking along the bridge layout line, in the +X global coordinate direction
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Railings as Line Loads
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Create Bridge Object

One Bridge Object will include both spans
Layout line length: 160 ft
Z X Layout line Bearing Start abutment Bent End abutment Span from bent to end abutment 80 ft
Span from start abutment to bent 80 ft
Deck sections, bearings, abutments, and the bent will be assigned to Bridge Object after the Bridge Object has been created
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Define and name Bridge Object Bridge_object
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Add New Bridge Object opening screen
Default Bridge Object Reference Line based on Layout Line defined in Bridge Wizard Step 2
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Name the Bridge Object Bridge_object and then divide it into two segments by inserting a bent at X = 80 ft.
Note that the "Bent" shown above is a generic term. It is not the bent Bent_fixed_base defined in Bridge Wizard Step 4.4. This specific bent will be assigned to the Bridge Object in Wizard Step 7.
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Redefined Bridge Object Reference Line
This panel could be used to assign deck sections, bearings, abutments and bent properties. However, the Bridge Wizard will be used in this example
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Assign Deck Section to Bridge Object
Full Span to End Bent
Full Span to End Abutment
Layout line Bearing
Start abutment
Bent
End abutment
It only takes one Deck Section assignment for both spans because one Bridge Object includes both spans
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Assign Deck_Section to Bridge_Object
This is the only Bridge Object that has been defined. It is used by default.
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Since there has been defined only one Deck Section, by default it is assigned to both spans included in the Bridge Object
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Assign Bearings, Abutments and Bent to Bridge Object

Bridge Object references
End Abutment
Bent
Start Abutment
Bent
In the Bridge Object definition, Start Abutment, Bent and End Abutment are the names of specific points along the layout line
Start Abutment
End Abutment
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End bearings and abutments
railing 8" slab deck 75" 73" 4" 99" 75" 4" 73" 4.0' = 48" Roller bearing Pinned bearing 20.0' = 240" Roller bearing 71"
Ground level
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Details and dimensions assumed at the start (X = 0) and end (X = 160 ft) abutments
Z
rail
Z
rail
X
73" 75" 71" 8" deck slab
X
8" deck slab
BT-63 girder
Roller bearing
Z = - 75"
Z = - 73"
BT-63 girder Action point of bearing (assumed at mid-depth of bearing assembly)
Top surface of abutment substructure
Abutment "fixed" in all 6 d.o.f.)
Similar for X = 160 ft
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Assignment Abutments to Bridge Object
Default
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Assign both bearing and abutment substructure at Start Abutment ( X = 0 )
Do not "OK" yet
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Repeat at End Abutment ( X = 160 ) - in this example, end abutments are the same
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Bent and bearing
railing 8" slab deck 75" 73" 4" 99" 75" 4" 73" 4.0' = 48" Roller bearing Pinned bearing 20.0' = 240" Roller bearing 71"
Ground level
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Details and dimensions assumed at the bent
8" deck
rail
99"
75"
BT-72 girder 4" Pinned bearing bent cap
73"
71"
Z = -75"
Z = -73"
4.0' = 48"
Mid-depth of bent cap (top of H-pile embedment in bent cap)
Top surface of bent cap
Action point of bearing (assumed at mid-depth of bearing assembly)
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Assign Bent and Bearing to Bridge Object
Default
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Bent location: see Bridge Object
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Left and Right Railings assigned as Line Loads
End Abutment X = 160 Bent
Start Abutment X=0
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Assign Line Loads
Click empty Load Pattern cell to begin
Default
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Each Line Load extends from X=0 to X=160 Assign railing loads to DEAD load case
Do not "OK" yet
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Update Linked Model to incorporate the assignments just made to the Bridge Object Bridge_object :
Bearings, Abutments, Bent, Line Loads
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This step assembles the Bridge Structural Model used for analysis and design
Note: Could also Update as Spine Model Using Frame Objects for most cases.
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Resulting illustration of skeleton Area Object Model
Still in Home Tab because Bridge Wizard has been used up to this point
Area Object Model
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Note: Could also create a bridge model by Updating as Spine Model Using Frame Objects for most cases.
1. Open Bridge Tab. 2. Turn off Automatic Update. 3. Use manual Update from now on
Spine Model Using Frame Objects
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In the Bridge tab, manually Update to get back to the Area Object Model for remainder of this Example
Default view: 3-d skeletal view
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Completed model - viewing options and attributes
Use this portion of Home tab to select and control viewing the model
Z Y X
Default view: 3-d skeletal view
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Restore full view

Rubberband zoom (select area to view)
Resume previous zoom Zoom in , Zoom out
Pan (move image within view area) Rotate image (takes some getting used to)
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Toggle between "perspective" and "flat" views (doesn't always work!)
Select 3-d or planar views for use in drawing or editing components
Move through planes defined by grid lines (during drawing or editing) Refresh displayed image (useful at times)
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3D and 2D rendering views (not used for drawing or editing components)
Set Display Options (not all options are available at the same time)
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Switch to Extrude View using Display Options
Note: Extrude View disables some of the other Display Options
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3-d Extrude View
Mostly useful for viewing model to verify that it "looks right"
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Change from 3-d View to plane view: XZ ( or XY, YZ )
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XZ perspective view
Layout Line origin
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Change from XZ view to YZ view
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YZ perspective view
View from X = 160 toward origin
Z (up)
Layout Line origin
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Turn off Perspective toggle
Perspective view
"Flat" view Toggle
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Try other views and options
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Perform a Dead Load analysis (girders, deck, railing loads)

By default, girder and deck weights are assigned to DEAD load case. The railings were specified as DEAD loads when the railing Line Loads were assigned to the Bridge Object.
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Select Load Case for which analysis is desired
Opening Run Analysis options
Toggle Action between Run and Do Not Run Select Do Not Run
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Run selected analysis
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Deflected shape: XZ view - Joints ON , Perspective OFF
Set 3D View: XZ Z (U3) Deflection reference line X (U1)
Deflection at bent due to elastic shortening of the bent columns and the piles
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Use Display to see various results
Draw deflected shape
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Various deflections
Z (U3)
X (U1)
U3 = -0.0263 in U3 = -0.2947 in
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Moment diagram
Draw moment diagram
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Moment reference directions: M1 , M2 , M3
Z
Node J (end of girder)
X Y 2 1 Member moments are reported in the member 123 coordinate system 3

Node I (beginning of girder)
For example, the longitudinal moment is M3
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Longitudinal moment diagram (in XZ plane) drawn on tension side of member
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Manual calculation: maximum negative DL moment

Dead loads (kips/foot): Girders (BT-63): Deck: 4 * 0.743 k/ft = 2.97 k/ft 6.47 k/ft
29 ft * (8 in / 12 in/ft) * 0.15 k/ft3 = 2.90 k/ft 2 * 0.3 k/ft = 0.6 k/ft

w = 6.47 k/ft
Railings:
L = 80 ft
Mneg(max) =
w L2 8
(AISC Manual)
Mneg =
w L2 8
6.47 k / ft (80 ft )2 = 5176 ft-k 8
( 4949 by CSI Bridge)
Why the difference?
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Reactions at base of bent column
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Vertical reaction on column in Y region
R = 369.5 kips
Rubberband Zoom
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Axial forces in columns
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Put pointer on joint: Column force = -369.5 kips
R = 369.5 kips ( Slide 89 )
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Axial force diagram
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Rubberband Zoom R = 369.5 kips ( Slide 89 )
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Save your CSI Bridge .bdb file in two versions:
Save as:
Example2-Two-Equal-Span-Option1.bdb
This is the option just completed in which the two columns are fixed at their bases
Save as:
Example2-Two-Equal-Span-Option2.bdb
This will be the starting point for the next option in which pile-cap/piles foundation will be used
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Example 2 - Two Equal Spans: Abutment

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Example 2 - Two Equal Spans: Abutment

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Example 2 - Two equal spans

Bent cap Circular bent columns

Three foundation options: 1. Fixed column bases

2. Pile/cap column bases ( two versions )

30" circular columns

Ground level Foundation: Three options 29.0'

4" cap 48" 4.0' 3 @ 7.0' 4.0'

26.0' face-to-face 300 lb/ft (0.3 k/ft)

9" 1.0' 27.0' 6.0' 17.0' 3.0' 18"

Foundation Option 1: Bent columns on fixed supports

Bent cap Bent column

Columns assumed fixed at ground level

Foundation Options 2 and 3: Bent columns on capped piles ( Two versions )

Pile cap Abutment

Each column supported by 9-pile group

Example 2 Option 1: Bent columns on fixed supports

Bent cap Bent column Columns fixed at ground level Abutment

8" slab deck

Fully-fixed foundation ("fixed foundation springs")

X = 80.0' Z Pinned bearing Z=0

Roller bearing (X = 0, X = 160')

Use Orb to open New File

Start Bridge Wizard define Layout Line

Bent at X = 80 will be added later

48" 36" Bent cap: same concrete as used in deck

30" concrete columns: same concrete as used in deck

Option 1: Fixed column bases (shown) Option 2: Pile/cap foundation

Frame Sections: bent cap, bent columns, BT-63 girders

Define and name the Bent Cap (only one)

Verify that section dimensions are inches

Bent cap parameters and coordinates

BT-63 girder and coordinates

Keep default d.o.f.s

Define and name abutments

Bent cap Bent column

30" concrete columns

Cap coordinate orientation

Define columns on next screen

Bent column positions, lengths and boundary conditions

Railings same as used in Example 1

Line load named LEFTRAIL (same as RIGHTRAIL)

Right edge of bridge

Railings as Line Loads

Create Bridge Object

Span from start abutment to bent 80 ft

Define and name Bridge Object Bridge_object

Add New Bridge Object opening screen

Redefined Bridge Object Reference Line

Assign Deck Section to Bridge Object

Full Span to End Bent

Full Span to End Abutment

Layout line Bearing

Assign Deck_Section to Bridge_Object

Assign Bearings, Abutments and Bent to Bridge Object

End bearings and abutments

Top surface of abutment substructure

Abutment "fixed" in all 6 d.o.f.)

Similar for X = 160 ft

Assignment Abutments to Bridge Object

Assign both bearing and abutment substructure at Start Abutment ( X = 0 )

Do not "OK" yet

Bent and bearing